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Writing Assignment on Muhammad Ali and the Draft When most people think of the 1960s, images of civil rights activists and anti-war protesters immediately come to mind. One commonly thinks of Martin Luther King, Jr. or the Black Panthers, for example. At the same time, provocative photographs of burning draft cards and violent confrontations with the police also form a large part of Americaā€™s historical memory. The case of Muhammad Ali and conscription reflects these wider issues of war and peace and racial justice, but from a different angle that allows you to use your larger historical imagination to better understand the tensions underlying American society in that contentious decade. Let us go back to the late 1960s, when the federal government felt obligated to prosecute a celebrity draft evader, the Nation of Islam passionately advocated for their most prized recruit, Stokely Carmichael defended a man he called ā€œhero,ā€ who through his refusal to serve dramatically raised the profile of the growing anti-war movement (especially for Black Americans), patriotic American Legion members urged boycotts of Ali prize fights, traditional white establishment sportswriters heaped scorn upon the young heavyweight champ, and Ali, took a courageous and costly principled stand against a war that he could not in good conscience join. Drawing on all the sources below, explain the issues surrounding Muhammad Aliā€™s greatest fight, his refusal to be drafted for combat during the Vietnam War. Having read chapter 25 of Fonerā€™s Give Me Liberty, which provides a foundation for understanding social protest and antiwar sentiment during the 1960s, read the following articles from the Washington Post (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. and New Yorker (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. for more background about Muhammad Ali and the draft. Then consider the following sourcesā€”videos, primary documents, and newspaper and magazine articlesā€”as you work through the assignment. The sources below are arranged around five personas, two of which are fictional composites, that represent five different constituencies/perspectives about the controversy. While they are hardly conclusive, they should provide plenty of context for you to construct a historical argument about the incident and its larger social and political meaning. With all that in mind, here is your prompt: Drawing on all the sources below, explain the issues surrounding Muhammad Aliā€™s ā€œgreatest fight,ā€ his refusal to be drafted for combat during the Vietnam War. Consider the historical context and the various perspectives of the five personas. Why was his decision met with such hostility? How did the controversy both reflect and shape larger social struggles, both in the civil rights and antiwar movements, as well as beyond? What does Aliā€™s struggle tell us about American society in the 1960s? In short, why is Cassius Clay/Muhammad Ali so important? Your paper should be a four-to-five page typewritten (1250 words, double-spaced) analysis of the issue. A good paper will consider these questions and provide evidence from the various sources and/or your textbook to support your answer. The essay is due Monday, April 22nd. You will be penalized ten points for every calendar day that your paper is late. Note that without the paper, you will not have completed all of the requirements for the course, and will therefore be ineligible for a passing grade. Please be sure to keep a draft or copy of your paper until it is graded and returned. While grading is primarily based upon your understanding and critical analysis of the sources, form will also be taken into account. In addition to typographical errors, check carefully for spelling and grammatical mistakes. Pages must be numbered. With regard to formatting, use standard one inch margins and a 12 point font. Times New Roman is the preferred typeface. And remember to cite direct quotations. As a rule they can be valuable in underscoring a point, but avoid lengthy and excessive quotations: they are boring. As for form, you can cite your work with either MLA or Chicago styles, as long as you are consistent. Finally, do not plagiarize. No credit will be given for dishonest work. Introduction: In early 1966, Muhammad Ali, heavyweight champion of the world, received his draft notice like most American young men during the Vietnam War. Sportswriter Robert Lipsyte was present and recorded Aliā€™s now famous response, ā€œI ainā€™t got no quarrel with them Vietcong.ā€ This seditious remark, and Aliā€™s refusal to cooperate, set off a firestorm of invective from sportswriters and politicians as well as a groundswell of support from black nationalists and anti-war protesters. Aliā€™s decision would lead to a protracted legal battle that would eventually cost him more than three of the best years of his fighting career. Moreover, his case would soon encapsulate much of the social and political tensions of the 1960s, including racial conflict, anti-war activism, and the youthful rebellion that challenged authority in all of its manifestations. Despite sincere efforts from his former Louisville patrons to arrange for a term in the National Guard service or some service-related boxing activities that would have kept him completely away from the jungles of Vietnam, Ali refused. To him, this was a matter was a principle, which gave his resistance a sharper edge. According to Ali, ā€œWhy should they ask me to put on a uniform and go ten thousand miles from home and drop bombs and bullets on brown people in Vietnam while so-called Negro people in Louisville are treated like dogs?ā€ And he added, ā€œIf I thought going to war would bring freedom and equality to twenty-two million of my people, they wouldnā€™t have to draft me. Iā€™d join tomorrow. But I either have to obey the laws of the land or the laws of Allah. I have nothing to lose by standing up and following my beliefs. Weā€™ve been in jail for four hundred years.ā€ Aliā€™s struggle with the United States government would temporarily derail his athletic career. His state boxing licenses and even the heavyweight title were stripped away shortly after his initial refusal. While he became a pariah to the traditional boxing establishment and much of mainstream America, Ali emerged as a courageous hero for those who agreed with his opposition to an increasingly unpopular war. As a result, a sports hero was transformed into a national, in truth an international, champion of his people. Indeed, by the 1980s, Muhammad Ali was the most recognizable man on the planet. Aliā€™s battle over the draft unfolded on a crowded national stage occupied by increasingly militant civil rights activists including Martin Luther King Jr. and his newfound outspoken criticism of the war as well as the emergence of the Black Panthers, a rising and well-organized opposition to the war on college campuses, and an often chaotic youth-inspired rebellion against all things associated with mainstream America. While Aliā€™s case wended its way through the courts, Americans struggled to make sense of the Tet Offensive, the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert Kennedy, race riots and urban upheaval, and increasingly violent antiwar protests culminating with the tragedy of Kent State in 1970. Thus an examination of Aliā€™s story through the words of its key players and constituencies tells a larger story of America during the tumultuous 1960s. Five Biographical Sketches: Muhammad Ali ā€“ Born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. in 1942, Ali became the pride of Louisville as an Olympic gold medal winner in the 1960 Rome Olympics. In February 1964, Ali defeated Sonny Liston to become the heavyweight champion of the world. Shortly afterwards, he became a Muslim and joined the Nation of Islam. Within the year, he adopted the name Muhammad Ali. Stokely Carmichael, former leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)ā€“ SNCC was a college-based civil rights movement inspired by Martin Luther King and founded in 1960. SNCC launched the sit-in movement to integrate lunch counters and other public facilities, staged voter registration drives in the South, and grew increasingly militant as the decade unfolded. Mainstream American Sportswriter ā€“ A white traditional American journalist who is typically critical of Ali to the point where he continues to refer to him as Cassius Clay. For him, Ali, long before the draft issue, represents all that is wrong with a country in transition. He sees Ali as a defiant and outspoken black man who does not know his place and challenges authority on every level. American Legion member ā€“ A forty-six year old veteran who lost a leg at Iwo Jima during World War II. He spends every Saturday afternoon at the American Legion Hall in Kenosha, Wisconsin. His son attends the University of Wisconsin and is a member of the Students for a Democratic Society. He supports Aliā€™s opposition to the draft much to his fatherā€™s chagrin. To have a good sense of the Legionnaireā€™s disposition, think of the Silent Majority and pro-Nixon hard hats reacting to student and anti-war protests. Erwin Griswold, Solicitor General representing the United State Government in Clay v. The United States ā€“ As a Harvard-educated Solicitor General for both Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon, Griswold was the embodiment of the American establishment. With a nation at war, he must defend the United Statesā€™ interest in its power of conscription. Sources for the Five Biographical Sketches: Sources for Muhammad Ali: Muhammad Ali and the Vietnam War (three video excerpts and one newspaper pdf) Muhammad Ali on the Vietnam War-Draft (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Muhammad Ali on the Vietnam war and racism. (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. MUHAMMAD ALI: Speech on not going to war (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Muhammad Speaks, April 21, 1967 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. This pdf may come out too small for a thorough read. But reading the headlines and images will provide enough of the perspective of Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam. Sources for Stokely Carmichael: Stokely Carmichael on racism and the Vietnam War (two video excerpts and two documents) Stokely Carmichael Gives Speech About Malcolm X (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Stokely Carmichael on Vietnam War 1967 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. The U.S. Government Has Deceived Usā€ SNCC Position Paper on Vietnam, Bloom and Breines, eds., ā€œTakinā€™ it to the Streets,ā€ 184-85 doc 1, Ali project, SNCC Position Paper on Vietnam.docx ā€œCharmichael Praises Cassius Clayā€™s Defianceā€ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. This fascinating document is a North Vietnamese government propaganda piece that quotes some of Carmichaelā€™s anti-war statements as well as a reference to Aliā€™s draft opposition. This was intended for distribution among American service men in the south with the intention of eroding morale. Sources for the American Mainstream Sportswriter: These three websites offer reflections on how sportswriters thought about Aliā€™s career, especially regarding his conversion to Islam and resistance to the draft. They are relatively short and offer good perspective on changing historical perceptions. One is from the Washington Post (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Another from slate.com (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. And a final summary frompublication for boxing fans (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Sportswriter Jimmy Cannon on Muhammad Ali New York Journal American, February 22, 1966 doc 2, Ali project, Jimmy Cannon on Muhammad Ali.docx Sources for American Legion Member: These two documents represent views that a typical American Legion member might hold in the 1960s. The social and political context which informed his service in WWII is radically different from the one in which the Vietnam War unfolded. U.S. Representative Frank Clark, Democrat, Pennsylvania, on Muhammad Ali Congressional Record, March 15, 1966, p. 5580 doc 3, Ali project, Frank Clark on Muhammad Ali.docx U.S. Representative L. Mendel Rivers, Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, Democrat, South Carolina New York Times, August 26, 1966 doc 4, Ali project, Mendell Rivers on Ali.docx Sources for Ernest Griswold: While these documents were not written by nor quote Griswold directly, they clearly describe the governmentā€™s case against Ali (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. that Griswold argued as Solicitor General in 1971. ā€œAli is no Pacifist, U.S. Tells Courtā€ Edward B. Fiskes, New York Times, April 20, 1971 pdf 1, Ali no pacifist, US tells court, aprl 1971.pdf ā€œAli Wins in Draft Case Appealā€ David E. Rosenbaum, New York Times, June 29, 1971 pdf 2, ali wins draft appeal, jun 1971.pdf

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Writing Assignment onĀ Muhammad Ali and the DraftĀ  When most people think of the 1960s, images of civil rights activists and

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Assignment 1 Reaction Papers The Psychology of Human and Animal Relationships Topic 2: Should intensive animal farming be banned? Intensive animal farming. It is really ā€˜farmingā€™? Deidentified 396 words Our need to consume meat a higher priority than animal welfare Deidentified 381 words The Verdict: Is Intensive Animal Farming a Part of the Future? Deidentified 509 words Intensive animal farming. It is really ā€˜farmingā€™? By Deidentified Livestock roaming free in large, grassy fields is the image that comes to mind of what a farm traditionally was, and still should be. Sadly, the reality is far from this pretty picture. Modern day livestock spend their entire life in the confined spaces of dark factory warehouses, shared with thousands of other animals, and movement is near impossible. The only place to sleep is on the cold concrete floors covered in excrements. At slaughtering age, these conscious animals have their throats slashed and they are left to slowly bleed to death. This briefly summarises the tragic life of millions of factory farmed animals and the unnecessary suffering they must endure for our benefit. It is a struggle to make it through each day that even death would gladly be welcomed if it meant escaping the pain and avoiding the excruciating process of being slaughtered alive. The graphic footage of the suffering animals was difficult to watch. The slaughtering process was quite disturbing and unsettling because seeing an animal suffering in this way is no different in my eyes to watching a human being receive the same treatment. Like humans, animals are sentient beings who I believe are capable of thinking and feeling pain and emotions. The animals are barely provided with pain relief. Many people are ignorant to factory farming practices. They have little knowledge behind where their meat came from and this problem is mostly due to the fact that factory farming is hidden from public view. As a result, people donā€™t make the connection between the suffering of an animal and how it ended up as a piece of meat on their plate. It was bought up in the video that people donā€™t like to think about where meat comes from. If they really knew, would they convert to a vegetarian lifestyle because of the guilt of causing animal suffering? We feel compassion for animals such as dogs but farm animals are merely pieces of meat. Animal welfare laws apply to pet dogs and cats but not to livestock. Society has conditioned us to think this way. Factory farmed animals deserve to have legal rights. They donā€™t deserve the treatment they currently receive. They are unable to carry out natural activities that nature intended for them. After all, it should be a basic right for all living creatures to lead a natural life. Our need to consume meat a higher priority than animal welfare. By Deidentified Factory farms are not as bad as theyā€™re depicted to be. The world would be a very different place without them. Deidentified (2015) argues against intensive animal farming and believes that animals deserve to be treated more humanely before they are killed. However, intensive animal farming and its practices are no more morally wrong than breeding animals for the purpose of eventually killing them. Irrelevant of what farming methods are used, the animals are still getting killed off for our consumption. Livestock animals such as pigs, cows and sheep were domesticated thousands of years ago so that they could provide us with food. If we no longer ate meat, would we still need to breed them? Or would they cease to exist because there is no other purpose for them? Our need for their products is keeping them alive. It is natural for humans to eat meat. Animals eat other animals, therefore it mustnā€™t be morally wrong because it is a part of nature. We were designed to be meat-eaters as many essential nutrients found in animal products are difficult to obtain from a vegetarian or vegan based diet (McAfee et al., 2010). Under the Australian Law, animals are considered the property of humans, therefore we are legally able to do as we wish with them. Animals do not have legal rights because they are our property and lack rationality. Rights of the animal owners include the right to consume, the right to use as collateral, the right to obtain natural divends of the animal (Favre & Loring, 1983) Human needs for animal products have a higher priority than animal protection. Factory farming is affordable and highly efficient (APECSEC, 2014). Large amounts of food can be produced in short periods of time and sold to the public at cheaper costs as opposed to smaller farming businesses. Consumers prefer to save money. Factory farming is a growing and expanding industry across the globe which has also created many job opportunities for people. There are higher demands for meat due to people consuming more meat than they did previously. In the past 50 years, meat consumption per-person has more than doubled (Worldwatch Institute, 2004). The human population is increasing and factory farming is an effective way to keep up with the demands. References APECSEC. (2014). Factory farming pros and cons. Retrieved March 26, 2015, from http://apecsec.org/factory-farming-pros-and-cons/ Deidentified, L. (2015). Intensive animal farming. It is really ā€˜farmingā€™? La Trobe University. Favre, D. S., and Loring, M. (1983). Animal Law. Quorum Books, Westport, Conn. McAfee, A. J., McSorley, E. M., Cuskelly, G. J., Moss, B. W., Wallace, J. M., Bonham, M. P., & Fearon, A. M. (2010). Red meat consumption: An overview of the risks and benefits. Meat science, 84(1), 1-13. Worldwatch Institute. (2004). Is meat sustainable? Retrieved March 26, 2015, from http://www.worldwatch.org/node/549 The Verdict: Is Intensive Animal Farming a Part of the Future? By Deidentified The farming methods of modern society are very different to traditional farming practices. This piece evaluates whether intensive animal farming is beneficial or doing more harm than intended. Intensive animal farming, also known as factory farming, is a modern practice of raising livestock in large factory warehouses for food production (ASPCA, 2015). Animals mainly including pigs, chickens, cows and sheep are farmed for their meat, body parts and other products such as eggs and milk. Intensive animal farming is very controversial. There are differences in opinions and debates over whether animals truly do feel pain like humans, and experience emotions in the same way. Society is also responsible for the attitudes people hold towards animals. Unlike cats and dogs who were raised to be companion animals, livestock were bred for food, which could explain why people donā€™t feel compassion for them. Deidentified (2015) argues that, because animals experience suffering, they should be treated in a manner that is more humane and ethical. Factory farming is the number one cause of suffering to more than 500 million animals each year (Voiceless, 2015). Evidence suggests that like humans, animals experience a stress response (Moberg, 2000). Naturally, it makes sense for animals to avoid stressful situations to enhance their well-being and survival, however in a factory setting, this is made impossible. Confinement to cages and chutes, restricted room to move and the inability to engage in normal social behaviours is distressing for the animal, leading to biological responses that reduces functioning of the organism and leads to impaired growth and development (Moberg, 2000). According to a report by the European Commissionā€™s Scientific Veterinary Committee (1997), factory farmed pigs suffer from depression because of the artificial conditions they live in. Pigs are intelligent beings with a sense of self (Voiceless, 2015), suggesting they have a high level of functioning and awareness of their surroundings. Smith (2015) argues that factory farming is cheap and efficient. While this is a benefit of the practice, evidence suggests that in the long run, it is not environmentally sustainable. Factory farming contributes almost one-fifth of the total human-induced greenhouse gas emissions (Steinfield et al., 2006). Factory farming also creates health risks for humans. Contamination of food supplies by E.coli and Salmonella is highly likely due to poor sanitation and poor management of animal waste (One Green Planet, 2015). To conclude, the positive aspects of intensive animal farming are outweighed by the cons. The privilege of having cheap and affordable animal products comes at a price of the environment, human health and animal welfare. Public awareness of factory farming is increasing and as more people gain insight into these farming practices, there may be a push to have intensive animal farming banned. If farming is to have a place in the future, sustainable and environmentally friendly practices should be implemented not only to minimize the effects of climate change, but also for the benefit of future generations. The current laws regarding animal welfare and rights should be revised to protect the livestock from inhumane treatment and unnecessary suffering. References American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2015). What is a factory farm? Retrieved March 27, 2015, from https://www.aspca.org/fight-cruelty/farm-animalcruelty/what-factory-farm European Commission Scientific Veterinary Committee (Animal Welfare Section), (1997) ā€˜Report on the welfare of intensively kept pigsā€™. Report No XXIV/B3/ScVC/0005/1997 Moberg, G. P. (2000). Biological response to stress: implications for animal welfare. The biology of animal stress: basic principles and implications for animal welfare, 1-21. One Green Planet. 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/5-modern-diseases-on-the-risebecause-of-factory-farming/ Smith, L. (2015). Our need to consume meat a higher priority than animal welfare. La Trobe Univeristy. Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C. (2006). Livestockā€™s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Voiceless. (2015) Factory Farming. Retrieved March 22, 2015, from https://www.voiceless.org.au/the-issues/factory-farming

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Assignment 1 Reaction Papers The Psychology of Human and Animal Relationships Topic 2: Should intensive animal farming be banned? Intensive

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