After reaching its pinnacle during the 16th and 17th centuries, Muslim culture experienced a sharp decline as it felt the impact of European expansionism. By the early 20th century, three distinct responses can be identified as Muslim leaders sought to reform and revitalize Islam: conservative/fundamentalist, secular, and modernist/progressive. (a) Describe the rationale and goal of each movement; (b) describe your understanding of the current state of this “battle for the heart of Islam,” and (c) state which movement you think holds the greatest potential for succeeding, and why.