REQUIREMENT ANAYSIS

(Please fill all the relevant fields, you can leave the field blank which is not applicable)

• Course pursuing _____________________________________________________
  • A literature study about wireless techniques and their suitability (according to the properties above.
  • An implementation of a prototypical device, where we can use microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino boards) in combination with sensors to show how this kind of device could be implemented and used. In case this becomes too large, we can also implement the prototype partially, as a demonstrator.

1. Topic of the assignment _______

Guiding people with visual impairments using wireless technologies. ________________________________________

2. Any case study / company / article / software to be taken ______

(1) What are the suitable techniques for the beacon part of the system? ____

(2) What kind of communication does the user need to be able to navigate?_________________________________________________________

3. Any reading module or material required while doing the assignment?

The implementation part is ought to be done with the use of Arduino Nano 33 BLE (Bluetooth sensors) and rFid.

Communication between two Bluetooth devices without pairing.

4. Referencing style to be used ____________________________________________
5. Word limit __________________________________________________________
6. Rubrics attached (Y/N) ________________________________________________
7. Number of minimum references to be used ________________________________
8. Format to be followed _________________________________________________
9. Other specifications or requirements _____________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________

Abstract

Introduction

Research Questions

1. What are the suitable techniques for the beacon part of the system?
2. What kind of communication does the user need to be able to navigate?

Delimitations

The current work will be aimed at providing a prototype that can serve as a proof of concept. Issues of ergonomic design, etc. will not be addressed at this stage. User testing will therefore also only be made on the functionality, rather than the practical aspects of the usage.

Related Work and Theory

Wireless Localisation Technologies

Wireless Localisation is one of the tecnologies that has an advantage of getting over some obstructions in indoors such as  walls, doors, underground e.t.c  and also enable a building to have a steady signals. The distance to identified point in wireless communication technology is calculated by the used of categories of the strength of the signal received and this is now used to get the current point and the location(SInan Gezici, Hui Lin  et al. 2007). Wireless technology is the most appropriate tectnology for indoor positioning due to its advantages over other technologies such as GPS. Wireless provides exact positioning in a building environments E.g university campuses, hospitals and airpots. It also has some challenges like high none light of sight (NLOS), movement of users, smallers dimension and some other condtions (J. Yimmy et al.2010). 

Furthermore, these challenges the result primarily because of the effect of impediment on the propagation waves of electromagnetic. Thus, a positioning system is requiring in order to get a correct result, and the accuracy must be high to find a specific user. There are other performance criteria areas that can be considered in the localization systems such coverage, responsiveness, adaptiveness, scalability and complexity (?). 

The current methods used for indoor wireless localization depends on radio spectrum, single medium to position targets, even though is not always accurate because it is hard to control the way radio signals broadcast through the environment(?). This has prompted improvement of mixture plots in an endeavor to bridle the upsides of every localization technique. However, Qiang and Kharidia enhance existing Wi-Fi indoor localization conspires by abusing an auxiliary medium, sound, alongside the developing thickness of cell phones to decrease localisation blunder (Kharidia, S.A., Qiang et al 2014).

GPS

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a part of satellites that rotate around the universe, it is one of the most common outdoors technologies that is use for finding information of a location of a mobile client in regard to a specific preferred positions such as,  where a particular user is going, location, time and navigation. It is free and available to anyone that has a GPS receiver, and it doesn’t function well in an area the where the view of the sky is obstructed or within a tall building,underground environment and near arboreal area because the GPS satellite is too weak to go across top buildings (?). Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an important tool for scientific uses, surveillance and for commerce purposes, and It is use mostly in our daily activities.

Furthermore, GPS has the user segment that is consists of the user community and the GPS receiver. The receiver convert SV signals into time estimates, velocity and position.The GPS receivers are the main function of GPS, they are use in several ways for dissemination, navigation and positioning. Position that are accurate use GPS receivers as reference if location and the position of the users are correct. GPS was proposed for Visual impaired user directions in 1985, and the first model was built by Loomis et al. which was to use as supplement for the stick that could lead user on open air course, however it didn’t offer any hindrance evasion support.

Bluetooth

A Bluetooth is a wireless technology for receiving and sending data through a short wireless link. It uses 2.4 GHz band and follows a series of standards of IEEE 802.15.1 personal area network, it is mostly use for short-range, it is affordable and use for transmissions of wireless between electronics devices. Bluetooth function in the same unrestricted ISM frequency band just like WiFi and ZigBee where (radio frequency) RF  protocols exist.  Master/slaves are use in Bluetooth networks to control where and when devices can send data.  This model allows a master single device to be connected to several different slave devices. The Bluetooth has unique way of classifying the addresses and names, every Bluetooth devices has a unique 48-bit address and it is usually shortened BD_ADDR and it is shown in form of a 12- digit hexadecimal number. Bluetooth also permit user-friendly names that allocated to them by users, this will help users the devices which they are operating with.

Figure 1.  (reference)

Furthermore, initiating Bluetooth connection between two devices is a process that involves three different stages, the first stage is the process whereby a device runs a search in order to first discover the other, then follow by sending a request and wait for the other to respond. 

rFid (long range) 

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) transfers data from the tag (contains electronic stored information that can be identified from far away) of an object for tracking and system identification via the use of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields through wireless. However, the installation and maintenance are highly costly and to solve this problem, RFID tag networks were proposed. The tag is usually implanted in the object and it is not made to be obvious. This radio frequency identification is used more in traditional assistive devices such as canes for blind people as it is not affected by poor lighting conditions. The RFID Tag with Long Range permits a RFID tag to coordinate a RFID reader beam signal back towards the route of onset. RFID does not require additional power to give telemetry to long range readers by utilizing various pillars rather than one tight bar signal. 

Laser mapping

Laser mapping strategies are one of the remote detecting innovations that assume noteworthy job in condition and foundation assessment detecting. Hence, there are distinctive detecting necessities for checking physical structures, for example, spans, than customary geospatial applications, for example, air quality, natural effect and transportation activities, and so on

Navigation tools for visually impaired

One of the problems visually impaired people face in their day to day activities are problems with mobility. progressively, a lot of different methods and devices have been used to ease their mobility, such as assistance dog and white cane, to increase safety and to assist their movement from one place to other. Over time, different types of technologies have been developed to help the visually impaired in navigating around (E. Pissaloux, et al 2003). Some of the tools used are Guide-Cane, Sonic Pathfinder and Mowat Sensor (A. Dodd’s, D: Clark-Carter, And C. Howarth.  Et 2004). These tools are also known as obstacle detectors since the primary goals are to let the blind know if there are any obstacles on their way, this devices also operate in a way that is related to a touch light that has a very narrow indicator to dissipate background noise.

Furthermore, auditory-visual was also designed to focus on mapping of images into sounds in a way that it can be unfolded by the brain, this was another tool that was used to ease mobility. On the other hand, research for sensory replacement device was done for the transmission of visual perceptions for Visually impaired people primarily over haptics. However, the sensory replacement was not accurate enough to help VI to get their destination, and this brought some other group of researchers from the University of Michigan which they combined the maps of modeled computer environment and this need landmark and different types of sensors to keep track of their position(?). To avoid obstacles, these systems use the ultrasound transducer data and position to guide the vision-impaired users to their closest destination. However, it didn’t take long before the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), turn out into full operation in the year 1995, precisely the Global Position System (GPS).

Alternatively, GPS was presented for visual Impaired guidance by two engineers Jack M.Loomis and C Collins (?), and the prototype of the personal guidance system was designed by Loomis in the year 1993, there was a GPS-based trivial device that can be used in replacement for cane assistance, and this is just to assist users outdoor positioning(?).

Another project was done in 2008 by UCSB personal, which aim in designing a graphical information system and user interface(?). In that process, acoustic and haptic of different modalities of input-output were tested, the main objectives is to use speech to navigate to a specific direction the user is pointing towards.

Method

Implementation

Hardware

Arduino Nano 33 BLE

The name “Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense” is significant piece, It is classified as “Nano” on the grounds that the measurements, pinout and structure factor is fundamentally the same as the  Arduino Nano, it is really intended to be utilized as trade for Arduino Nano in current activities, however the catch is this new module works on 3.3V while the Nano model works on 5V. So, I think this is the place is the name “33” comes in, to show that the board works on 3.3V. At that point the name “BLE” demonstrates that the module bolsters Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE5 5.0) and the name “sense” shows that it has on-board sensors like accelerometer, spinner, magnetometer, temperature and moistness sensor, Pressure sensor, Proximity sensor, Color sensor, Gesture sensor, and even an implicit receiver(?). 

The main core of the nano is the iron on the right side, this holds the Nordic nRF52840 processor that contains an incredible Cortex M4F and the NINA B306 module for BLE and Bluetooth 5 correspondence. This permits the board to work on low power and convey utilizing Bluetooth 5 creation for perfect for low force work organize applications in home mechanization and other associated ventures. Likewise, since the nRF processor strengthens the ARM Mbed OS it additionally gives some product enhancements(?).

For both beacon and detector

Ultrasound sensor

(rFid receiver)

Software

Testing

Result/Implementation

User Evaluation

Conclusions

References

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