Library and Learning Services

Harvard
Referencing
Guide
Produced by
Library and Learning Services
6th Edition, 2016.
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Table of Contents
Harvard Referencing Guide ………………………………………………………………..1
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4
What is referencing? ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Citing within your work ………………………………………………………………………5
Paraphrasing or citing a specific idea…………………………………………………………… 5
Citing an author you have mentioned in your text ………………………………………….. 6
Citing a short quotation……………………………………………………………………………… 6
Citing a long quotation ………………………………………………………………………………. 6
Citing more than one source………………………………………………………………………. 7
Citing a source with more than one author……………………………………………………. 7
Editors ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
Same author, same year……………………………………………………………………………. 8
Authors with the same surname in the same year………………………………………….. 9
Corporate Author ……………………………………………………………………………………… 9
References list and bibliography……………………………………………………….10
Elements of a reference…………………………………………………………………………… 11
Publication information ……………………………………………………………………………. 12
What do I do if publication details are not given? …………………………………………. 12
What are secondary references?………………………………………………………………. 13
Example essay extract with citations and references list ……………………13
Example reference formats for different source types………………………..15
Printed sources and e-books……………………………………………………………………….. 15
Books …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
Chapter in an edited book………………………………………………………………………… 15
Book volume………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
Edited book with no names on chapters …………………………………………………….. 16
Translator details ……………………………………………………………………………………. 17
e-book ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
Kindle books or books on eReaders ………………………………………………………….. 18
Legislation …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
Government publications …………………………………………………………………………. 19
White/Green papers………………………………………………………………………………… 19
Journal articles ………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
Electronic journal articles…………………………………………………………………………. 20
Market reports ………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
Newspapers…………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
British standards…………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
Cochrane reviews…………………………………………………………………………………… 22
Conference papers …………………………………………………………………………………. 22
Patents (from an online database) …………………………………………………………….. 23
Visual sources, artworks, diagrams and maps………………………………………………… 23
Artworks held in a gallery, museum, repository, collection or in a locality…………. 23
Artworks documented in an online collection ………………………………………………. 24
Installations and exhibitions ……………………………………………………………………… 24
Book illustrations, diagrams, logos or tables ……………………………………………….. 25
Maps – Ordnance and Geological Survey…………………………………………………… 25
Maps – Digimap……………………………………………………………………………………… 26
Maps – Online – see Online Sources…………………………………………………………. 26
Websites and online sources……………………………………………………………………….. 26
Websites……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
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Blogs ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27
YouTube……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
Wikis…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
Online images………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
Online maps ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
Computer games, software codes and apps ………………………………………………….. 28
Downloadable game with developer who is also the publisher……………………….. 28
App………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28
An app with distinct developer and publisher details …………………………………….. 29
Software code………………………………………………………………………………………… 29
Microsoft software code…………………………………………………………………………… 29
Music ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29
Music tracks…………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
Lyrics……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 30
Musical score…………………………………………………………………………………………. 30
Live performances……………………………………………………………………………………… 31
Music……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
Theatre…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
Dance…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
Broadcast media/film………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
DVD/Film (commercial)……………………………………………………………………………. 32
TV and radio broadcasts………………………………………………………………………….. 32
Commentaries and special features…………………………………………………………… 33
Unpublished Materials………………………………………………………………………………… 33
Interviews ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
Notes taken by self at lecture……………………………………………………………………. 34
Lecturer’s/ tutor’s notes …………………………………………………………………………… 34
Letter ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
Conversations………………………………………………………………………………………… 35
Telephone calls ……………………………………………………………………………………… 35
Email ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
Theses………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
Points to remember……………………………………………………………………………………. 37
Glossary of terms ………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
References……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 39
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Introduction
There are many different referencing systems, but one of the best-known and most
popular systems is the Harvard system. However, you will find that there are slightly
different versions of the Harvard system in use across universities worldwide. Don’t
panic! This document has been designed to provide you with examples and
guidance on how to use Harvard referencing in a consistent and accurate manner to
refer to information sources used in your work, such as books, journal articles,
websites etc. It is a comprehensive guide, which aims to answer most of your
Harvard referencing questions. Library and Learning Services have also produced a
two page quick start to referencing, ‘The Harvard Referencing – Quick Guide’.
In addition, it is often worth checking with your tutor to see if they have any specific
referencing requirements.
What is referencing?
Referencing is a way of acknowledging other peoples’ ideas and work. You do this
through a citation (in the text of your work) and a reference at the end of your work.
The purpose of referencing is so that anyone reading your work can refer to the
original source to check and verify the ideas presented. You must reference any
source that you use:
 To support an argument, to make a claim or to provide evidence
 To acknowledge other peoples’ ideas or work correctly
 To show evidence of the breadth and depth of your reading
 To avoid plagiarism (i.e. to take other peoples’ thoughts, ideas or writings and
use them as your own)
 To allow the reader of your work to locate the cited references easily, and so
evaluate your interpretation of those ideas
 To avoid losing marks!
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Citing within your work
The citation within the text of your work is a brief acknowledgement to a source you
have used for any of the reasons listed above.
If you are using a direct quotation or are referring to a specific idea or assertion by an
author, you need to let your reader know where you found the information by giving
the author/creator’s surname, the year and the page number, e.g. (Surname, Year,
Page). The page number is important, as one of the prime functions of referencing is
to enable your reader to quickly locate the information you have used and to verify
the conclusions you have drawn. By using the page number, your reader can do this
without having to read the entire work (book, journal article etc.,) to which you are
referring, which could be hundreds of pages long!
If you are not referring to a specific idea or assertion, but are referring to a work by
an author in its entirety or to a more general argument you only need to include the
author/creator’s surname and the year, e.g. (Surname, Year).
If you have named the author in the flow of your text, you only need to provide the
year and page number (if applicable), e.g. (Year, Page).
Paraphrasing or citing a specific idea

e.g.1 …Research has shown a direct link between body image and self-esteem (Jones, 2010, p.4)… e.g.2 …Jones’ research has shown a direct link between body image and self esteem (2010, p.4)…

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Citing an author you have mentioned in your text

e.g.1 Terry Eagleton (1983) created an essential guide to literary theory that still resonates into the twenty first century… e.g.2 Nikki Gamble has created a set of activities to aid narrative thinking and investigation (2013, p.70)…

Citing a short quotation

… whilst it is possible that “poor parenting has little effect on primary educational development it more profoundly affects secondary or higher educational achievement” (Healey, 2003, p.22).

Citing a long quotation
N.B. There is no need to use quotation marks. Instead start a new line and indent
the quotation.

The methodology required for a thorough literature search requires an understanding of a number of different sources: … it is important to be familiar with the tertiary sources (bibliographies of bibliographies), which will help you to identify the secondary sources (such as bibliographies, indexes and abstracts), which will then lead you to primary sources for your review (Pickard, 2013, p.27).

 Remember: it is best to paraphrase the sources you have used in your work,
putting the author’s words into your own and crediting them with the idea through the
citation. Try and keep quotations to a minimum. You do not need to include the page
number from the quotation in your reference list.
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If you are taking a quotation from a website you may not be able to find a page
number, so you will need to include an indication of where the quote can be found.
Give a line or screen number instead e.g. use [45 lines] or [approx. 5 screens].
Citing more than one source
If you are citing more than one source, you can separate them with a semi colon.

…There are many factors relating to individuals perceived body image. Jones (2010, p.4) has suggested that body image is related to self-esteem, others believe a more complex relationship exists (Philips, 1995; Norton, 2005).

Citing a source with more than one author
Some sources will have a number of authors. If there are two authors, you write
(Surname A and Surname B, Year). If there are more than two authors, you can use
et al. This means ‘and others’, e.g. (Surname et al., Year).

e.g.1 with two authors: A number of practitioners have tackled the issue teaching information skills in the university setting (Webb and Powis, 2004)… e.g. 2 with more than two authors: …There has been some debate amongst medical practitioners on the issue (Williamson et al., 2008)…

However, in your reference list you must make sure you give credit to all the authors
(don’t use et al.). Instead, write all of the authors in the order that they appear on
your source as shown below:
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Williamson, G. R., Jenkinson, T. and Proctor-Childs, T. (2008) Nursing in contemporary healthcare practice. Exeter: Learning Matters.

 Remember: et al. should be in italics with a full stop, as it is an abbreviation.
Editors
If you are using a book that has an editor (with no named authors for the different
sections of the book) then you would cite and reference the editor as you would an
author. However, if the book you are referring to has individual authors attributed to
the different chapters then you have to cite and reference the author of the chapter,
rather than the editor.
In the extract below, from the contents page of an edited book, you can see that each
chapter has a different author. Therefore cite and reference the author of the specific
chapter that you are referring to in your work. Full details on how to reference an
edited book are on page 16.
Fig. 1: example of a table of contents from an edited book (Childs et al., 2009, p.v)
Same author, same year
If you are referring to two sources by the same author, produced in the same year,
you can distinguish between them by adding letters to the end of the year for both
your citation and reference.
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For example: Research into the importance of chocolate on individuals’ moods has highlighted a difference between the cocoa levels of chocolate (Hoskin, 2011a, p.41). This has indicated that the higher the cocoa levels, the greater impact the chocolate has on mood (Hoskin, 2011b, p.12). However, further research is investigating how much of this is related to the sugars within the chocolate (Hoskin and Siddall, 2012, p.21).

Authors with the same surname in the same year
If you are citing two authors with the same surname, who have published in the same
year, you can include their initials to differentiate between them.

For example: It is important that students develop academic skills as soon as possible during their HE course (Williams, N., 2013, p.12). Otherwise students are likely to fall behind as they progress through their course (Williams, E., 2013, p.30). Therefore academic skills should be embedded in first year courses at University.

Corporate Author
You may come across a source which has a corporate author, where an
organisation, rather than an individual, is responsible for the work. For instance, a
government organisation would be cited in the same way as an author, with the
organisation name as the author, for example: (Department of Health, 2013).
 Remember:
Some sources are the result of collaboration between a number of contributors, none
of whom can claim authorship, e.g. dictionaries, encyclopaedias or films. In this case
you can use the title in place of the author name, for example: Gone with the Wind.
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References list and bibliography
What is the difference between a references list and a bibliography?
References list: is a list of all the sources that you have cited within your work
Bibliography: is a list of everything that you have cited and everything that you have
consulted to help improve your understanding of the topic.
Sometimes people use the terms references list and bibliography interchangeably,
although strictly they are not the same thing. You should check with your tutor to
see if they would prefer to have a references list or a full bibliography. Make
sure that if you have cited something, there is a complete reference to match at the
end of your work.
References must be listed in alphabetical order by the author’s surname or the name
of the creator/company.
 Remember: It is good practice to record the reference information required before
you start reading and making notes on your source. It means you can easily refer
back to the material you need, without having to search for it again.
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Elements of a reference
Below are some examples of the type of information that you will need to include in
your reference.

Author	An individual or organisation responsible for creating the source.
Year of publication	The year the source was published, for example the edition year or the copyright © date on a website.
Title of article/chapter	When you are referring to a section of a bigger piece of work, you may need to give the title of the section that you’re looking at, for example a book chapter.
Publication Title	The name of the source, for example book title or journal name.
Place of publication	Location listed on the source, for example the office address of the book publisher. This should be a town or city, not a country. Use the first place listed.
Publisher	Normally a company who has produced the information and made it publicly available.
Edition or volume information	This is to indicate if it is a part of a series or if a source replaces an earlier copy. A second edition of a book is an update to the first. For example, it may include more or different information to the earlier version. A journal will produce a number of issues a year, so you need to include the volume and issue number to demonstrate where in the series this source comes from.
Page span	If you are referring to something within a larger piece of work, you should include the first and last page of that section, for example of the book chapter.
URL or web address	If you have accessed something from the internet, you will need to include the full web address for that information. You can copy and paste this from your browser bar, into your reference.

 Remember: to note down the complete reference details for any source that you
use, whether it is a book, journal article, website or a source that you have
photocopied.
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Publication information
(Bolton, 2010, p.iii)
What do I do if publication details are not given?
Occasionally you will come across documents that lack basic publication details. In
these cases it is necessary to indicate to your reader that these are not available. A
series of abbreviations can be used and are generally accepted for this purpose:

Missing publication details	Abbreviation.
author/corporate author not given	use [Anon.]
no date	use [n.d.]
no place (sine loco)	use [s.l.]
no publisher (sine nomine)	use [s.n.]
not known	use [n.k.]

For web pages it is often necessary to look beyond the page you are referencing to
the ‘Home Page’ for the whole site or at a link such as ‘About Us’ from that home
page. Dates are often given at the bottom of web pages.

1. Author 3. Title 4. Edition

2. Date of publication 6. Publisher 5. Place of publication

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What are secondary references?
A secondary reference is when you refer to someone cited within another source, i.e.
you have not read the original work. Ideally, you should always try and read the
original source so that you can review the work first hand. If you are not able to
locate the original source, it is acceptable to reference it as a secondary reference,
following the format below.

In text citation example (Bancroft and Silverman, 2002, cited in Harne and Radford, 2008, p.63) Reference list example Harne, L. and Radford, J. (2008) Tackling domestic violence: theories, policies and practice. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Note: in your references list, you only include details of the sources you have read
and directly consulted.
Example essay extract with citations
and references list
Below is an example essay, complete with citations and references. Please
remember this is a fictional essay purely designed to demonstrate how and when to
reference.

There has been a tendency amongst health workers to diagnose women experiencing domestic violence with a mental illness, rather than identifying the distress as a result of violence (Harne and Radford, 2008, p.44). However, progress has been made in helping the general public to recognise the signs and raise awareness of the many support networks in the UK (COAP, 2009). Some social work practitioners have used different techniques to try and change the environment where domestic violence is prevalent (Gray, 2009). The education of health practitioners now includes ways of identifying and supporting victims of domestic violence “the NMC recognizes the importance of community nurses in supporting families to contact the support services where domestic violence occurs” (Williamson et al., 2008, p.25).

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References COAP (2009) Children of addicted parents and people. COAP [online]. Available from: http://www.coap.org.uk/ [Accessed 18th July 2013]. Gray, B. (2009) Befriending excluded families in Tower Hamlets: the emotional labour of family support workers in cases of child protection and family support. British Journal of Social Work, 39(6), pp.990-1007. Harne, L. and Radford, J. (2008) Tackling domestic violence: theories, policies and practice. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Williamson, G. R., Jenkinson, T. and Proctor-Childs, T. (2008) Nursing in contemporary healthcare practice. Exeter: Learning Matters. Bibliography COAP (2009) Children of addicted parents and people. COAP [online]. Available from: http://www.coap.org.uk/ [Accessed 18th July 2013]. Gray, B. (2009) Befriending excluded families in Tower Hamlets: the emotional labour of family support workers in cases of child protection and family support. British Journal of Social Work, 39(6), pp.990-1007. Harne, L. and Radford, J. (2008) Tackling domestic violence: theories, policies and practice. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Hinchliff, S., Norman, S. and Schober, J. (2008) Nursing practice and health care. 5th ed. London: Hodder Arnold. NSPCC (2009) Children talking to ChildLine about parental alcohol drug misuse. NSPCC [online]. Available from: http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/publications/casenotes/parental_alcohol_drug_misus e_wda78113.html [Accessed 17th July 2013]. Williamson, G. R., Jenkinson, T. and Proctor-Childs, T. (2008) Nursing in contemporary healthcare practice. Exeter: Learning Matters.

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Example reference formats for different
source types
Note: in all of the format examples that follow, for simplicity we have demonstrated
each example as if citing an author’s work in its entirety, rather than a specific idea.
Depending on what you are citing or what you have already included within your
written text you may need to also include a page number or just include the year,
e.g.:
(Eagleton, 1983, p.110) or (1983, p.110) or …Eagleton (1983) writes that…
Please refer to the section on citing for detailed guidance.
Printed sources and e-books
Books

Format: in text citation For continuing professional development nurses must attend regular accredited training (Surname, Year, Page). Format: Reference Author/editor surname, initials. (Year) Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

Note: You do not include the edition information if it is the first edition.
Example: in text citation
For continuing professional development nurses must attend regular accredited
training (Orem, 2009, p.23).
Example: Reference
Orem, D. E. (2009) Nursing: concepts of practice. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby-Year
Book.
Chapter in an edited book

Format: in text citation For continuing professional development nurses must attend regular accredited training (Surname, Year, Page). Format: reference Chapter author surname, initials. (Year) Title of chapter. In: Editor’s surname, initials. (ed.) Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers.

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Example: in text citation
For continuing professional development nurses must attend regular accredited
training (Woolrich, 2009, p.90).
Example: reference
Woolrich, C. (2009) Principles of professional practice. In: Hinchliff, S., Norman, S.
and Schober, J. (eds.) Nursing practice and health care: a foundation text. 5th ed.
London: Hodder Arnold, pp.89-113.
Note: that ‘in’ is used to link the chapter to the book and the use of page numbers.
The year of publication is only given once.
Book volume

Format: in text citation For continuing professional development nurses must attend regular accredited training (Surname, Year, Page). Format: reference Author/editor surname, initials. (Year) Title. Edition. Volume. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example: in text citation
For continuing professional development nurses must attend regular accredited
training (Bowling, 2009, p.4).
Example: reference
Bowling, A. (2009) Research methods in health: investigating health and health
services. Volume 2. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Edited book with no names on chapters
If you are using an edited book which does not have author names linked to the
chapters, then you can credit the editor of the book in your citation and reference. If
you are using more than one chapter from this same text, you will need to
differentiate your citations by using a and b after the year to clarify which chapters
you are referring to, for example (Cox and Roper, 2005a, p.13).

Format: in text citation When dealing with patients with respiratory difficulties it is essential that health professionals are aware of the non-verbal signals the patient is using to communicate with them (Surname, Year, Page). Format: reference Editor surname, initials. (ed.) (Year) Title of chapter. In: Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, first and last page numbers.

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Example: in text citation
When dealing with patients with respiratory difficulties it is essential that health
professionals are aware of the non-verbal signals the patient is using to communicate
with them (Cox and Roper, 2005, p.24).
Example: reference
Cox, N. and Roper, R. A. (eds.) (2005) Cardiovascular system. In: Clinical skills.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.21-73.
Translator details
If the book you want to use in your assignment has been translated you need to
include the translator details in your final reference, however you do not need to
include this in the in text citation.

Format: in text citation Montaigne’s philosophical essays have been reinterpreted by a number of different academics (Surname, Year). Format: reference Author/editor surname, initials. (Year) Title. Edition. Translated by Surname, initial. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example: in text citation
Montaigne’s philosophical essays have been reinterpreted by a number of different
academics (Starobinski, 1986).
Example: reference
Starobinski, J. (1986) Montaigne in Motion. Translated by Goldhammer, A. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
e-book
If you are looking at an e-book in PDF format, where you know there is an equivalent
copy of the book in print, you can reference the book as a print version (see page
15). You may find this easier than including the full URL. However, if you can only
see an electronic version of the book, reference using the example below.

Format: in text citation Postmodernism has had an impact on the political agenda of the UK (Surname, Year, Page). Format: reference Author/editor surname, initials. (Year) Title [online]. Place of publication: Publisher. Available from: URL. [Accessed date].

Example: in text citation
Postmodernism has had an impact on the political agenda of the UK (Hutcheon,
2004, p.32).
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Example: reference
Hutcheon, L. (2004) Politics of postmodernism [online]. London: Routledge. Available
from: http://reader.eblib.com/Reader.aspx?p=181639&o [Accessed 3rd August
2009].
Kindle books or books on eReaders
Books on eReaders may lack page numbers, if you are going to quote from them,
you can refer to the chapter rather than the page number, if it is not available.

Format: in text citation It is clear that there are numerous ways to eat chocolate bars (Surname, Year, Page/Chapter). Format: reference Author/editor surname, initials. (Year) Title [online], edition, platform. Place of publication: Publisher [if available]. Available from: website. [Accessed date].

Note: You do not include the edition information if it is the first edition.
Example: in text citation
It is clear that there are numerous ways to eat chocolate bars (Elphinstone, 2012).
Example: in text quotation
“Always find a space where you can sit in peace and quiet before you enjoy your
chocolate bar” (Elphinstone, 2012, chapter 1).
Example: reference
Elphinstone, H. (2012) How to enjoy a chocolate bar in peace [online]. Kindle.
London: Chocoholics Anonymous. Available from Amazon.co.uk [Accessed 14th May
2013].
Legislation
Legislation should be treated the same whether found in print or online.

Format: in text citation It is illegal to breed dogs which are known as pit bull types (Title of Act, Year). Format: reference Title of Act Year (SI number if needed) Place of publication: Publisher

Example: in text citation
It is illegal to breed dogs which are known as pit bull types (Dangerous Dogs Act,
1991)
Example: reference
Insolvency Rules 1986 (SI 1986/925) London: HMSO.
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Government publications
Available data may vary for these, but where possible include the following:

Format: in text citation It was suggested that inequalities in infant mortality seemed to be narrowing in the late 1970s (Government Department, Year, Page). Format: reference Government Department/Institute. Subdivision of department/institute (if known). (Year) Title of document. (Name of chairperson if it is a committee.) Place of publication: Publisher.

Example: in text citation
It was suggested that inequalities in infant mortality seemed to be narrowing in the
late 1970s (Department of Health and Social Services, 2000, p.15).
Example: reference
Department of Health and Social Services. (2000) Inequalities in health: report of a
research working group. (Chairman: Sir Douglas Black.) London: DHSS.
White/Green papers

Format: in text citation It was argued that teachers needed to have increased powers if discipline in schools was to be improved (Department name, Year, Page). Format: reference Department Name (Year) Title of paper. Command Paper. Number. Place: Publisher.

Example: in text citation
It was argued that teachers needed to have increased powers if discipline in schools
was to be improved (Department for Education, 2010, p.2).
Example: reference
Department of Education (2010) The importance of teaching. Command Paper. 7980
London: TSO.
Journal articles

Format: in text citation Effective patient-clinician communication has been shown to be vital for older patients and their nurse practitioners (Surname, Year, Page). Format: reference Author surname, initials. (Year) Title of article. Journal Title. Volume number(issue or part number), pp.first and last page numbers.

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Example: in text citation
Effective patient-clinician communication has been shown to be especially vital for
older patients and their nurse practitioners (Gilbert and Hayes, 2009, p.285).
Example: reference
Gilbert, D. A. and Hayes, E. (2009) Communication and outcomes of visits between
older patients and nurse practitioners. Nursing Research. 58(4), pp.283-293.
Electronic journal articles
If a journal exists in both print and electronic form it is often simpler and clearer to
use the print journal format for referencing the item, regardless of which item you
have viewed. If you need to reference the electronic form, you can use one of the
following formats.

Format: in text citation Marketing communications can be done through a variety of mediums (Surname, Year). Format: reference using a URL Author surname, initials. (Year) Title of article. Journal Title [online]. Volume number(issue or part number), pp.first and last page or line numbers. Available from: URL [Accessed Date]. Format: reference using a doi (digital object identifier) Author surname, initials. (Year) Title of article. Journal Title [online]. Volume number(issue or part number), pp.first and last page or line numbers. Available from doi: [Accessed Date].

Example: in text citation
Marketing communications can be done through a variety of mediums (McArthur and
Griffin, 2006).
Example: reference using a URL
McArthur, D. N. and Griffin, T. (2006) A marketing management view of integrated
marketing communications. Journal of Advertising Research [online]. 37(5), p.19.
Available from:
http://web3.searchbank.com/infotrac/session/66/850/10267118w3/
15!xrn_12&bkm [Accessed 1st March 2007].
Example: reference using a doi (digital object identifier)
Heraty, N. (2004) Towards an architecture of organization-led learning. Human
Resource Management Review [online]. 14(4), pp.449-472. Available from DOI:
10.1016/j.hrmr.2004.10.007 [21 October 2013]
Note: Some publishers provide a digital object identifier (doi) so that an article can
be found online quickly and easily. If a doi is available, you will usually find it at the
start of the article, in the article details section and you can use it instead of the URL.
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Market reports

Format: in text citation Marks and Spencer’s retail market has grown over the past ten years (Provider, Year, Page). Format: reference Provider (Year) Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example: in text citation
Marks and Spencer’s retail market has grown over the past ten years (Mintel, 2009,
p.21).
Example: reference
Mintel (2009) Department store retailing. London: Mintel International Group.
Newspapers
For most newspaper articles you can cite the author and year in the text of your work.
However, if it is a news article and does not attribute an author, the newspaper name
is used in the text and instead of the author in the reference list.

Format: in text citation Newspapers have been quite negative in their coverage of Maxwell (Surname, Year). Format: reference Journalist surname, initials. (Year) Title of news item. Name of newspaper. Day, Month, pp.first and last page numbers.

Example: in text citation
Newspapers have been quite negative in their coverage of Maxwell (Peters, 2009).
Example: reference
Peters, R. (2009) Picking up Maxwell’s bills. Independent. 4 June, p.28.
British standards

Format: in text citation The originator’s name and the year of publication of the document cited are given after each reference in the text (BS number, Year). Format: reference British Standards Institute (Year) Title. BS number. Place of publication: Publisher.

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Example: in text citation
The originator’s name and the year of publication of the document cited are given
after each reference in the text (BS5605, 2009).
Example: reference
British Standards Institute (2009) Recommendations for citing and referencing.
published material. BS5605. Milton Keynes: BSI.
Cochrane reviews

Format: in text citation Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening were conducted (Surname, Year). Format: reference Author surname, initials. Title of review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Year, Issue number, Article number. DOI: number.

Example: in text citation
Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening were
conducted (Jepson et al., 2002).
Example: reference
Forbes C., Jepson R., and Martin-Hirsch P. Interventions targeted at women to
encourage the uptake of cervical screening. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews. 2002, Issue 3, Article Number CD002834. DOI: 10.1002/12651858.
Conference papers
Conference papers are often published in book form or as a special issue of a
journal. It is necessary to include the name, place and year of the conference.

Format: in text citation Alignment of expectations and assessments is a key underlying principle of systemic and standards-based reform (Surname, Year). Format: reference Author surname, initials. (Year) Title of conference paper. In: conference proceedings title, including date. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example: in text citation
Alignment of expectations and assessments is a key underlying principle of systemic
and standards-based reform (Webb, 2004).
Example: reference
Webb, N. L. (2004) Mathematics education reform in California. In: Science and
mathematics education in the United States: eight innovations: proceedings of a
conference, Paris, 2000. Paris: OECD.
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Patents (from an online database)

Format: in text citation There have been developments in the ways that cleaning heads have been designed (Inventor surname, Year). Format: reference Inventor surname, initials. (Year) Title. Authorising organisation. Patent number [online]. Available at: URL [Accessed date].

Example: in text citation
There have been developments in the ways that cleaning heads have been designed
(Allard, Dyson & Spaven, 2006).
Example: reference
Allard, R.J.W., Dyson, J. and Spaven, J.W. (2006) A Cleaning Head. UK Patent
Office. Patent no. GB2402047B [online]. Available at: http://gb.espacenet.com
[Accessed 10 January 2011].
Visual sources, artworks, diagrams and maps
Artworks held in a gallery, museum, repository, collection or
in a locality

Format: in text citation Created in the months after Marilyn Monroe’s death, Marilyn Diptych (Artist surname, Year) deals with the themes of death and cult of celebrity… Format: reference Artist surname, initials. (Year) Title of artwork or image [Medium]. Town/Place: Name of Library/Archive/Repository/Collection/Locality.

Example: in text citation
Created in the months after Marilyn Monroe’s death, Marilyn Diptych (Warhol,
1962)…
Example: reference
Warhol, A. (1962) Marilyn Diptych [Acrylic on canvas]. London: Tate.
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Artworks documented in an online collection
Note: The suggested reference is the same as with online images, but if the image
is a known artwork it is useful to also note the medium, as in the example below.

Format: in text citation Created in the months after Marilyn Monroe’s death, Marilyn Diptych (Artist surname, Year) deals with the themes of death and cult of celebrity… Format: reference Artist surname, initials. (Year) Title of artwork or image [Medium] Source [online]. Available from: website [Accessed date].

Example: in text citation
Created in the months after Marilyn Monroe’s death, Marilyn Diptych (Warhol,
1962)…
Example: reference
Warhol, A. (1962) Marilyn Diptych [Acrylic on canvas]. Tate [online]. Available from:
http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/warhol-marilyn-diptych-t03093 [Accessed 29
August 2013].
Installations and exhibitions
Note: If referencing an exhibition use the surname of the curator. If referencing a
specific installation or artwork within an exhibition use the surname of the artist.

Format: in text citation Exhibitions throughout the 1990s hit the tabloids and raised the profile of British artists through the inclusion of controversial images (Artist/ curator surname, Year) and… Format: reference Artist/ curator surname, initials. (Year) Title of exhibition or installation [Exhibition/ Installation]. Location, Date seen.

Example: in text citation
Exhibitions throughout the 1990s hit the tabloids and raised the profile of British
artists through the inclusion of controversial images (Rosenthal et al., 1997) and…
Example: reference
Rosenthal N. & C. Saatchi (1997) Sensation [Exhibition]. Royal Academy of Art,
London, 18 September.
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Book illustrations, diagrams, logos or tables

Format: in text citation Escher’s 1953 lithograph Relativity (Surname, Year, Page) demonstrates how perspective and shading can be used to create a series of optical illusions… Format: reference Author surname, initials. (Year) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, page number(s), illus./fig./logo/table.

Example: in text citation
Escher’s 1953 lithograph Relativity (Locher, 2006, p117) demonstrates how
perspective and shading can be used to create a series of optical illusions…
Example: reference
Locher, J.L. (2006) The magic of M.C.Escher. London: Thames & Hudson,
p.117.illus.
Note: Substitute illus. for illustrations, fig. for figures, logo for logos and table for
tables, as required.
Maps – Ordnance and Geological Survey

Format: in text citation In this area a spring and earthworks are also shown (Ordnance Survey, Year)… Format: reference Ordnance Survey (Year) Title of map. Sheet Number, Scale. Series. Place of publication: publisher.

Example: in text citation
In this area a spring and earthworks are also shown (Ordnance Survey, 1995)…
Example: reference
Ordnance Survey (1995) Kettering, Corby and the surrounding area. Sheet 141,
1:50 000. Landranger Series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
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Maps – Digimap

Format: in text citation A brook can be seen running alongside the northern perimeter of the Abbey grounds (Map Publisher, Year)… Format: reference Map publisher (Year) Created map title. Scale. Source [online]. Available from University of Northampton Library and Learning Services [Accessed date].

Example: in text citation
A brook can be seen running alongside the northern perimeter of the Abbey grounds
(Ordnance Survey, 2013)…
Example: reference
Ordnance Survey (2013) Delapre Abbey. 1:2500. Edina Digimap [online]. Available
from University of Northampton Library [Accessed 30 August 2013].
Maps – Online – see Online Sources
Websites and online sources
Most online resources share the same basic format for referencing:

Format: in text citation Marketing communications can be done through a variety of mediums (Surname, Year). Format: reference Author (Year) Title. Source [online]. Available from: website [Accessed date].

Note: The source is the title of the overall site, for example the source of a
YouTube clip is YouTube. The source should always be in italics.
Websites
Example 1: in text citation with a named author
From assessing the economic data, some pundits think UK unemployment will fall
faster than predicted by the Bank of England (Flanders, 2013), while others……
Example 1: reference with a named author
Flanders, S. (2013) UK unemployment not following Mr Carney’s script? BBC
[online]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24055846 [Accessed 7
October 2013].
Example 2: in text citation with a corporate author
Progress has been made in helping the general public to recognize the signs and
raise awareness of the many support networks in the UK (Stroke Association, 2012).
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Example 2: reference with a corporate author
Stroke Association (2012) Our campaigns: what we achieve together. Stroke
Association [online]. Available from: https://www.stroke.org.uk/what-we-do/ourcampaigns/what-we-achieve-together [Accessed 24th August 2016].
Blogs
Example: in text citation
A number of considerations must be taken into account when making something
accessible to all (Powell, 2010).
Example: reference
Powell, P. (2010) Adapting to accessibility. Boagworld [online]. Available
from: http://boagworld.com/accessibility/adaptive-accessibility/ [Accessed 23 March
2013].
YouTube
Example: in text citation
The Harvard referencing system follows the surname and year format in the text of
an assignment (UoWLTTU, 2008).
Example: reference
UoWLTTU (2008) Harvard Referencing with Mike Webb (Part
One). YouTube [online]. Available
from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7Laol_ALeU [Accessed 23 March 2013].
Note: Always use the YouTube Username as the author of the video.
Wikis
To refer to wikis we have given an example from Wikipedia below. However, you
should not refer to Wikipedia in your assignments as it does not contain any original
research. Instead, follow the references to get through to more information on your
chosen topic.
Example: in text citation
There are a number of different parenthetical referencing styles, including Harvard
(Wikipedia, 2013).
Example: reference
Wikipedia (2013) Parenthetical referencing. Wikipedia: The Free
Encylopedia [online]. Available
from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_referencing [Accessed 23 March 2013].
Online images
Example: in text citation
The above image highlights the role of religious orders in fighting racism across the
world (Colombage, 2013).
Example: reference
Colombage, D. (2013) Clergy in support. Flickr [online]. Available
from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinouk/8691920424/ [Accessed 23 March 2013].
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Online maps
Example: in text citation
A brook can be seen running alongside the northern perimeter of the Abbey grounds
(Google Maps, 2013)…
Example: reference
Google Maps. (2013) Delapre Abbey. Google Maps [online]. Available from:
http://goo.gl/maps/5I9xH [Accessed 30 August 2013].
Computer games, software codes and apps
Most references to technology codes also share the same basic format for
referencing, below is the core format, with examples below:

Format: in text citation The updated version of the iNorthampton app offers more flexibility in locating the user on campus (Surname, Year). Format: reference Developer surname, initials or publisher. (Year) Title (Version) [software]. Platform. Publisher. Available from: website.

Note: The version information might not always be easy to find but it is an
important field for these. If you cannot find the version number you can include the
accessed date instead.
Downloadable game with developer who is also the publisher
Example: in text citation
The Passage game offers gamers a unique insight into developments in game
construction (Rohrer, 2007).
Example: reference
Rohrer, J. (2007) Passage (Version 3) [software]. PC. Jason Rohrer. Available
from: http://hcsoftware.sourceforge.net/passage/.
App
Example: in text citation
The Passage offers gamers a unique insight into developments in game construction
(Rohrer, 2007).
Example: reference
Rohrer, J. (2008) Passage (Version 3.1) [software]. iOS. Jason Rohrer. Available
from: https://itunes.apple.com/app/passage/id300702040.
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An app with distinct developer and publisher details
Example: in text citation
Billiards, as a game has developed over time from the traditional game, or one
available electronically (The Pickford Brothers, 2011).
Example: reference
The Pickford Brothers (2011) Magnetic Billiards: Blueprint (Version 3.0) [software].
iOS. Zee 3 Limited. Available from: https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/magneticbilliards-blueprint/id432152950.
Note: in the above examples (Version 3) and (Version 3.0) have both been used,
this is because that is how the version numbers were given on the sites.
Software code
Example: in text citation
Moy (2010) has used his adapted source code to develop interactions.
Example: reference
Moy, J. (2010) Fraise (Version 3.7.3) [software]. OSX. Available
from: https://github.com/jfmoy/Fraise.
Note: In this instance the code is for OSX, however some codes will not have a
specific platform; if that is the case you may leave the platform out of the reference.
Microsoft software code
Example: in text citation
The latest code used in Microsoft Word varies little from pervious iterations
(Microsoft, 2013).
Example: reference
Microsoft. (2013) Microsoft Word 2013 (Version 15.0.4433.1506) [software]. PC.
Microsoft. Available from: http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word/.
Music

Format: in text citation Known as the White Album and also “the Beatles” this was the first album released through their own record label (Name, Year). Format: reference Artist name, Initial. (Year of release) Title [format]. Series Title and Number. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example: in text citation
Known as the White Album and also “the Beatles” this was the first album released
through their own record label (The Beatles, 1968).
Example: reference
The Beatles (1968) White Album [CD]. CDS7464438. [s.l.]: Apple Records.
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Music tracks
It is important to include the artists/originator of the track alongside the title.

Format: in text citation Electro-acoustic music has developed in order to incorporate (Surname, Year). Format: reference Artist surname, Initial. (Year of release) Title of track [format]. In: Title. Series Title and Number. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example: in text citation
Electro-acoustic music has developed in order to incorporate interactivity (Stolet,
2002).
Example: reference
Stolet, J. (2002) Tokyo Lick [CD], In: Music from SEAMUS 15. EAM-2006. Los
Angeles: SEAMUS.
Lyrics
Often lyrics are written by people other than the artist, it is therefore important to
include the full details.

Format: in text citation Ringo Starr is credited with the lyrics for a song on the white album (Surname, Year). Format: reference Artist surname, Initial. (Year) Title of track [format]. In: Title. Series Title and Number. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example: in text citation
Ringo Starr is credited with the lyrics for a song on the white album (Starkey, 1968).
Example: reference
Starkey, R. (1968) Don’t pass me by [lyrics], In: The White Album. CDS7464438.
[s.l.]: Apple Records.
Musical score

Format: in text citation Newer arrangements of Mozart’s concertos are popular (Surname, Year). Format: reference Composer surname, initials. (Year of publication) Title of work. Editor(s) followed by ed. or other arrangers (note name is not surname first). Place of publication: Publisher.

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Example: in text citation
Newer arrangements of Mozart’s concertos are popular (Mozart, 2009).
Example: reference
Mozart, W. A. (2009) Flute concertos: Concerto no. 2 in D, K. 314 and Andante in C,
K. 315. T. Wye (ed). R. Scott (arr.) Borough Green: Novello.
Live performances
Music

Format: in text citation Glastonbury performances offer the opportunity to mix new material alongside old favourites (Artist, Year). Format: reference Artist (Year of release) Title of work. Performance venue, location. [Date of performance].

Example: in text citation
Glastonbury performances offer the opportunity to mix new material alongside old
favourites (Arctic Monkeys, 2005).
Example: reference
Arctic Monkeys (2005) I bet you look good on the dancefloor. Pyramid stage,
Glastonbury Festival. [28th June 2013].
Theatre

Format: in text citation The importance of local theatre companies to the success and variance of cultural events in a town cannot be underestimated (Surname, Year). Format: reference Author surname, initials. (Year of performance) Title. Directed by. Adapted by. Performance company/performer. Performance venue, location. [Date of performance].

Example: in text citation
The importance of local theatre companies to the success and variance of cultural
events in a town cannot be underestimated (Braithwaite, 2013).
Example: reference
Braithwaite, E.R. (2013) To Sir, with love. Directed by Mark Babych. Adapted by
Ayub Khan Din. Northampton and Touring Consortium Theatre Company. Royal
Theatre, Northampton. [6th September 2013].
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Dance

Format: in text citation The awe and wonder of those watching a ballet for the first time was evident (Originator/Choreographer, Year). Format: reference Originator/Choreographer, initials. (Year of performance) Title. Performance company/performer. Performance venue, location. [Date of performance].

Example: in text citation
The awe and wonder of those watching a ballet for the first time was evident
(Ryzhenko & Smirnov-Golovanov, 2012).
Example: reference
Ryzhenko, N. & Smirnov-Golovanov, V. (2012) Swan Lake. Moscow City Ballet.
Derngate Theatre, Northampton. [17th February 2012].
Broadcast media/film
DVD/Film (commercial)

Format: in text citation Horror film franchises rely on not only critic reviews but audience popularity (Title, Year). Format: reference Title (Year) Directed by. [Format]. Place of production: Production company.

Example: in text citation
Horror film franchises rely on not only critic reviews but audience popularity (Scream,
1997).
Example: reference
Scream (1997) Directed by Wes Craven. [DVD]. [s.l.]: Buena Vista Home
Entertainment.
TV and radio broadcasts

Format: in text citation Many sci-fi series tackle societal problems (Title, Date). Format: reference Title (Year) episode title and number (if applicable). [Format omit if live]. Place of production: Television channel, transmission date and time.

Example: in text citation
Many sci-fi series tackle societal problems (Dr Who, 2005).
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Example: reference
Dr Who (2005). The empty child Episode 9. [DVD]. Cardiff: BBC1, 21st May, 18.30.
Commentaries and special features
Commentaries and special features can vary depending on the DVD region you are
watching so it is important to include that information in your reference.

Format: in text citation Producers offer a look behind the scenes that actors and directors often see differently (Title, Year). Format: reference Title of feature (Year) Title. [Format]. Place of production: Production company. Region.

Example: in text citation
Producers offer a look behind the scenes that actors and directors often see
differently (Convention panel with producers, 2011).
Example: reference
Convention panel with producers (2011). The Walking Dead, Season 1. [DVD]. [s.l.]:
Entertainment One UK Limited. Region 2.
Unpublished Materials
Interviews

Format: in text citation During the Second World War, women contributed to the war effort in various ways, including working for the Fire Service (Surname, Year). Format: Reference Interviewee surname, initials. (Year) Title of interview. Interviewed by: Surname, initials. [type of medium]. Day Month. Time.

Example: in text citation
During the Second World War, women contributed to the war effort in various ways
including working for the Fire Service (Barber, 2012).
Example: Reference
Barber, E. (2012) My contribution to the war effort. Interviewed by: Johnson, B.
[radio]. 10th August. 10.30.
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Notes taken by self at lecture

Format: in text citation Digital technology now allows information to be created using many different techniques (Surname, Year). Format: Reference Lecturer surname, initials. (Year) Lecture Notes. [Description of lecture]. Module. Module Code. Place. Day Month.

Example: in text citation
Digital technology now allows information to be created using many different
techniques (Powis, 2011).
Example: Reference
Powis, C. (2011) Lecture Notes. [How information is created, captured, analysed and
evaluated]. Information management. INS1018. University of Northampton. 8th
February.
Lecturer’s/ tutor’s notes

Format: in text citation The human impact upon woodlands has been investigated widely in the last 10 years (Surname, Year). Format: Reference Lecturer surname, initials. (Year) Title of lecture. Module. Module code. Place. Day Month.

Example: in text citation
The human impact upon woodlands has been investigated widely in the last 10 years
(Littlemore, 2013).
Example: Reference
Littlemore, J. (2013) Ecological impacts of human disturbance in ecosystems. Land
resource management. LEM4455. University of Northampton. 11th March.
Letter

Format: in text citation Farming in Sussex during the 1950s was dominated by the landed gentry (Surname, Year). Format: Reference Author surname, initials. (Year) Title of letter. [letter]. Day Month.

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Example: in text citation
Farming in Sussex during the 1950s was dominated by the landed gentry (Williams,
2011).
Example: Reference
Williams, B. (2011) My experiences of farming in Sussex during the 1950s. [letter].
12th July.
Conversations

Format: in text citation The boot and shoe trade in Northampton employed many women during the 1930s and beyond (Surname, Year). Format: Reference Surname, initials. (Year) Title of conversation. [conversation]. With: Surname, initials. Day Month. Time.

Example: in text citation
The boot and shoe trade in Northampton employed many women during the 1930s
and beyond (Mawley, 2012).
Example: Reference
Mawley, E. (2012) Women’s experiences of the Boot and Shoe trade in
Northampton. [conversation]. With: Pugh, T. 13th March. 14:30.
Telephone calls

Format: in text citation The differences between attending a grammar school and a secondary modern school have been described at length in recent years (Surname, Year). Format: Reference Caller surname, initials. (Year) Title of telephone call. [telephone call]. To: Recipient’s surname, initials. Day Month. Time.

Example: in text citation
The differences between attending a grammar school and a secondary modern
school have been described at length in recent years (Smith, 2013).
Example: Reference
Smith, J. (2013) Discussion: personal experiences of Secondary Modern Schools in
1960s Britain. [telephone call]. To: Ladd, L. 10th February. 15:44.
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Email
Please remember it is important to ask permission of the people involved before you
use the email in your work.

Format: in text citation The author undertook extensive research regarding the use of our virtual learning environment via our University app (Surname, Year). Format: Reference Sender surname, initials. Email address. (Year). Title of email. [email]. Message to: Recipient’s name. Recipient’s email address. Day sent. Time sent.

Example: in text citation
The author undertook extensive research regarding the use of our virtual learning
environment via our University app (Chapman, 2013).
Example: Reference
Chapman, J. S., jamie.chapman@northampton.ac.uk. (2013) Using Nile via the
iNorthampton app. [email]. Message to: Howe, R. rob.howe@northampton.ac.uk 1st
April. 09:03.
Theses

Format: in text citation The impact of digital media upon women’s self-esteem is clearly outlined in several research studies (Surname, Year). Format: Reference Author surname, initials. (Year) Title. Level. Name of awarding institution.

Example: in text citation
The impact of digital media upon women’s self-esteem is clearly outlined in several
research studies (Coulson, 2009).
Example: Reference
Coulson, S. E., (2009) The socio-cultural influences impacting upon young women.
Ph.D. University of Northampton.
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Points to remember
Always be consistent.
When checking your work, make sure there is a corresponding reference for each
citation.
Above all – be consistent in whatever method of referencing you use.
1. The information source title should be in italics, e.g. book title, journal title,
web source
2. The year is the year of publication, not printing.
3. For a book the edition is only mentioned if other than the first.
4. The place of publication is the city not the country.
5. Journal titles should be given in full.
6. Volume and part numbers should appear like this: 25(2)
7. Page numbers are written: p.4 or pp.33-39.
You should check with your tutor to see if they have a preferred style.
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Glossary of terms
Accessed Date The date on which you viewed or downloaded the
document/website. It may be subject to changes or updated,
so this date allows for that possibility.

Citation Corporate author	A brief credit within the body of your work (Surname, Year) Normally an organisation, such as a government department who is responsible for a publication e.g. Department of Health This is to indicate if it is a part of a series or if a source replaces an earlier copy. A second edition of a book is an update to the first. For example, it may include more or
Edition
different information to the earlier version. Editor	An
individual or group of individuals who collate work for
publication
Issue	A regular series of a magazine or journal. For example, a monthly journal would have twelve issues a year, one issue
per month. The first to last page of the source/document.	Page span
Paraphrase	Where you summarise what you have read into your own

words and give credit to the original source where you got that
information from.

Place of publication	Location listed on the source, for example the office address of the book publisher. This should be a town or city, not a country. Use the first place listed. Normally a company who has produced the information and made it publicly available. When you copy a part of the original work, exactly as it
Publisher
Quotation

appears and use it in your own work. This must be followed by
a citation crediting the author.

Reprint	A reprint is when the publishers run out of copies of a print book and print a new number of copies – the information is exactly the same as the previous edition. Where surname is used it refers to the family name or last name of the individual. This is to indicate if it is a part of a series or if a source
Surname
Volume

replaces an earlier copy. For example, a book may have a
second edition which includes more or different information to
the first edition. A journal will produce a number of issues a
year, so it is important to include the volume and issue number
to demonstrate where in the series this source comes from.
URL or website If you have accessed something from the internet, you will
need to include the full web address for that information. You
can copy and paste this from your browser bar, into your
reference.
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References
Bolton, G. (2010) Reflective practice: writing and professional development. 3rd ed.
Los Angeles: Sage.
Childs, L. L., Coles, L. and Marjoram, B. (2009) Essential skills clusters for nurses.
Theory for practice. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
Bibliography
Bolton, G. (2010) Reflective practice: writing and professional development. 3rd ed.
Los Angeles: Sage.
British Standards Institute. (1989) British Standard recommendations for references
to published materials. BS1629. London: BSI.
British Standards Institute (1990) Recommendations for citing and referencing
published material. BS5605. London: BSI.
Childs, L. L., Coles, L. and Marjoram, B. (2009) Essential skills clusters for nurses.
Theory for practice. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
Gibaldi, J. (1988) MLA handbook for writers of research papers. 3rd ed. New York:
Modern Language Association of America.
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