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Heat Management of mobile phone considering battery heat dissipation

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School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematics

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ABSTRACT

Introduction: Heat management is an important issue when it comes to mobile phones. The operations of mobile phones require energy supplied from the battery to be successful. The process produces energy in terms of heat which might negatively affect the mobile phone processes of the user of the mobile phone. Managing the heat produced by the mobile phone during its operation is vital in ensuring that the mobile phone operates at an optimum level. The battery is responsible for powering the mobile phone and energy in form of heat is produced from the battery. The process is exothermic in nature which means it produces heat which makes the mobile phone to produce heat during certain operations.

The tremendous size of tasks and the restricted cooling abilities guarantee that the warmth created in the process isn’t viably cooled. The warmth created may bring about slacking or hanging of the cell phone since its basic parts are influenced by the warmth delivered. The cell phones have the capacities of dealing with gigantic information exchange which makes the cell phone produce more warmth than the cooling system can deal with. The warmth delivered by cell phones can result in people being awkward. In specific cases, it has been set up that the warmth created may result in the cell phones battery detonating which may make damage the clients.

Problem Statement: Heat produced by mobile phone during its operation has a negative impact on the user of the mobile phone and also on the efficiency of the mobile phone.

Methodology: Experiment

Findings: The application running on a mobile phone affects the rate of energy produced in terms of heat from the battery.

Conclusions: In conclusion, the rate of heat produced from the mobile phone battery is directly proportional to the consumption of power which the application active uses. The power required from the mobile phone battery to enable an application to run is proportional to the heat produced from the battery. Energy management in mobile phones should be addressed with urgency owing to the number of accidents related to overheated mobile phones. The overheated batteries of a mobile phone can bring problems by exploding which might cause physical injuries to the user. The individual should be protected by ensuring that mobile phones which are developed to solve the overheating issue are provided. The battery which has overheated might explode causing harm to the users as it has been experienced. Mobile phone users have increased over the years which exposes many individuals to dangers in case the problem is not handled. The mobile phones are used by millions of users and it should be secured so as to ensure that the users are safe and can handle their business without any danger.

Mobile phones play an important role in our daily lives. It has been used to handle different types of transactions which plays an important role in our lives. Overheating in mobile phones batteries causes lagging of the operations of the mobile phone. The issue might result in slow process and unreliability which might cause an individual to lose business. The issue causes the mobile phone to be slow in other operations because the conditions for operations are not optimum. The conditions provided do not allow the mobile phone. The issue of heat management in mobile phones should be addressed so as to produce better working mobile phones which the users can enjoy using them.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to acknowledge everyone who made this paper to be possible. I will like to thank them for their time and their dedication towards my project. They all played a part in ensuring that the project is a success. The individuals put there everything in ensuring that we are able to handle and fulfill all the project requirements. The sacrifice is not in vain and the work they put in went a great way of ensuring that the project succeeds. Success is solid proof of the hard work of every individual who took part in the project. The time spent in working on the paper ensured that the project objective was realized and achieved.

Table of Contents

ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Research Objectives 1

1.2 Approach to Research or Related Tasks 2

1.3 State of Current Research 2

1.4 Gaps 3

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 Equations 5

2.2 Tables 5

2.3 Figures 6

3. METHODOLOGY 8

4. FINDINGS 9

5. DISCUSSION 11

6. SUMMARY 13

7. REFERENCES 14

8. Appendix 15

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Table 1: Table one 5

Table 2: Table two 6

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Figure 1: Heat map images of CFD and therminator. 6

Figure 2: Therminator convergence and runtime result vs stability use case 6

Figure 3: Layout of Samsung Galaxy S4 mobile phone 7

1. INTRODUCTION

Mobile phones are part of our lives in our modern society. Mobile phones are used for different purposes the primary purpose being communication. With the advancement in mobile phone technology production advanced and powerful gadgets have been developed in recent years which require more power to ensure that they are able to run their operations. The demand in more powerful batteries has resulted in more heat being produced from the batteries due to lack of proper cooling mechanism. The lack of a proper cooling mechanism in mobile phones is a major concern due to the dangers such a situation poses to the users. The consumers are not aware of the dangers they are exposed to due to the huge amount of heat produced from the batteries.

Heat management is a developing topic in managing heat being produced from mobile phones. The issue needs a proper and well-researched solution because it affects many individuals who use mobile phones. The size of operations modern mobile phones operate is equal to the size of operations some computers handle. The huge size of operations and the limited cooling capabilities ensure that the heat produced in the process is not effectively cooled. The heat produced might result in lagging or hanging of the mobile phone because its critical components are affected by the heat produced. The mobile phones have the capabilities of handling huge data transaction which causes the mobile phone to produce more heat than the cooling mechanism can handle.

Heat management is a topic which affects different areas of our technological world. According to Kalyan and others in their article “Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Smart Phone,” the problem of heat production in mobile phones is caused by the size, space, and weight of the mobile gadget. The size and space of the mobile phones have a limitation when it comes to installing a more powerful cooling system and also to enable the heat produced to cool down. The small space does not allow the components of the mobile phones to be cooled down effectively. The small space does not put a barrier between the heating mobile battery and other components which allow the mobile phone operations to be affected (Kalyan et al, 2017).

The heat produced by mobile phones contains harmful radio waves from the mobile phone antenna. The radio waves might be absorbed by the body which is near the antenna and also near the battery. This might cause different problems for the individual who comes in contact with the mobile phone. The harmful radio waves might cause cancer-generating cells to grow which causes cancer. The heat produced by mobile phones can result in individuals being uncomfortable. In certain cases, it has been established that the heat produced might result in the mobile phones battery exploding which might cause injury to the users. All in all, the energy produced due to the mobile phone batteries overheating is not good for human beings who come in contact with the mobile phone.

1.1 Research Objectives

To be able to understand the source of heat being produced from the battery of a mobile phone

1.2 Approach to Research or Related Tasks

According to Ronan Grimes and others in their article “Active Cooling Of A Mobile Phone Handset,” the research and our paper are related tasks. The research paper discusses heat dissipation levels in phones continue extending in light of gaming, higher power applications, and expanded handiness related to the web. The present cooling structures of trademark convection and radiation limit the power dispersal inside a remote to between 1-2 W relying on size. As power scattering levels increment, things, for example, PDAs will require dynamic cooling to guarantee that the gadgets work inside an excellent temperature wrap from both client solace and dependability points of view. In this paper, we center around the related warm structure issue of a working cooling course of action inside normal remote planning by executing a custom transmitting fan inside the cell phone. Its showcase is looked in regards to stream rates and weight drops, adequate telephone warmth dispersing and most unmistakable telephone surface temperature as this is the client imperative for an accumulation of copied PCB designs in the PDA. Punctured plates with changing porosity through various size openings are utilized to duplicate these structures. The outcomes demonstrate that the power level scattered by a telephone for a solid surface temperature might be reached out by ∼50 – 75% relying on weight drop actuated by inside telephone planning. Thusly for suitable use and proficient use of dynamic cooling will require chip setup to be considered at the structure sort out (Grimes et al, 2010).

Another related work to our topic of research is “Dynamic Thermal Management in Mobile Devices Considering the Thermal Coupling between Battery and Application Processor” by Qing and others (Qing, 2017). The thermal administration is an essential plan issue for cell phones since it enormously influences not just the gadget unwavering quality, yet additionally the spillage vitality utilization. Customary powerful thermal the board (DTM) methods function admirably for the PC frameworks. Be that as it may, because of the constraint of the physical space in cell phones, the thermal coupling impact between the real warmth age parts, for example, the application processor (AP) and the battery, plays a significant job in deciding the temperature inside the cell phone bundle. Because of this impact, the thermal conductivity of one section is never again free of the other, however, is influenced by the temperature of other parts. This is the main work that quantitatively describes the thermal coupling between the battery and AP and presents a prescient DTM for cell phones thinking about this impact. Recreation results demonstrate that the proposed DTM technique altogether decreases the thermal infringement for the objective cell phones (Qing, 2017).

1.3 State of Current Research

The current state of the research is in the development stages. Some breakthroughs have been made by some organizations such as Apple Limited Company but their findings have been kept under lock and key. This is because it is among one of their business secrets and it should remain a secret so as to remain competitive mobile phone manufacturers. The research is ongoing in different institutions with the aim of coming up with a better mobile phone which does not affect the users negatively.

The current state of the research casts a light on the future of having mobile phones which do not emit more heat from the battery. The heat is uncomfortable for the user of mobile phones. The technology should be developed such that the level of heat dissipation from the batteries is reduced to levels which have minimal effects. The current state is not the level best in ensuring that the future of heat management is mobile phones. The technology needs to address the issue of different mobile applications providing a different level of heat from the battery. Some applications produce a huge amount of heat from the batteries which should be addressed and a way of controlling the amount of heat produced need to be reached.

1.4 Gaps

There is an information gap among the different researchers who are investigating the topic. As a result, a different outcome has been obtained by different researchers. The gap is brought about by the lack of a centralized way of doing research. The findings from different researchers are not also stored in a centralized system which documents the breakthroughs. The information gap between the researchers needs to be addressed and the gap reduced. It can be done by publicizing past researchers online. The findings will be used as references for future studies.

The gap should be addressed and breakthroughs posted in centralized systems which have a website. The breakthrough name of the researcher and year should be posted. Future researchers will refer to the researchers available to improve their work. This will enable researchers to keep on advancing the technology which will produce a better way of managing heat dissipation. The information gap will be solved by ensuring that information is available to every individual.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

According to Xie and others in their article “Therminator: a thermal simulator for smartphones producing accurate chip and skin temperature maps” their main area of focus is the therminator and the positive effect of the device. The device helps in measuring the steady different in heat map produced. The tool is used to analyze the temperature difference on the skin of mobile devices such as tablets, mobile phones, etc. The tool can be used to measure the temperature of smartphones from the internal components to the skin of the gadget. The tool utilizes the thermal analysis to ensure that it is able to produce the heat map which is important in ensuring that the heat produced in all parts of the mobile phones is what is expected. The therminator considers all the major areas in the gadget. By ensuring that all the major components are handled the tool is important in ensuring that heat management can be achieved. The tool produces 3D heat maps which can be analyzed and help in ensuring that the objective of the research is achieved (Xie et al, 2014).

The fundamental science behind the article is the utilization of thermal analysis which helps in developing heat maps. The science that states that different parts of a surface receive different temperature is paramount in ensuring successful heat management in mobile phones. The science of measuring each component of the mobile devices adapted to the research will help in ensuring that the current project goals are achievable. According to the research, the heat produced is moved to different parts of the surface and the temperature varies depending on the different factors which affect heat transfer.

Part of my research which has been investigated in the past is the measurement of heat in different components of a mobile phone. The device therminator is a powerful tool which has made it possible for researchers to map small areas in a mobile device. Heat maps produced by the gadget are in terms of 3D a diagram which is easy to analyze and understand. The tool is implemented by C++ programming language which is object-oriented programming. The tool as three modules the first module which is the parse module is used for input files. The parse module takes in input from the mobile surface to be measured and the input should be clean. CTM module then takes the input from the parser and conducts the analyzing by doing different operations involving dividing the input. CTM is also responsible for building a solid thermal physical contact. Solver module is responsible for processing the outputs in terms of heat maps (Xie et al, 2014).

My research relates to others in different ways according to Xie and others my research particularly relates to this one by the method used to measure heat surface in mobile phones. The research also is about heat produced in electronic gadgets such as a mobile phone. It discusses the process of measuring the heat produced due to operations conducted by the mobile phone. Thermal analysis forms the basis of this result and the method used to measure the heat produced depends on the concept of thermal analysis (Xie et al, 2014).

According to Mukta and others in their article “Health Hazards of Mobile Phones: An Indian Perspective,” my research resembles theirs in the aspect of the hazards caused by overheating mobile phones. According to the research due to the widespread access of mobile gadgets by many users the energy produced from mobile phones can cause health issues (Mukta et al, 2004). My research also focuses on the amount of energy produced from the phone batteries. According to Mukta and others during phone calls sound energy is converted into radio waves which might enter the human body. Such waves are harmful and the phone battery also produces more energy during the process of calling which causes the phone to heat and the energy produced which are harmful can be transferred to the individual using the mobile phone.

The data source used by the researchers including me is both primary and secondary sources. Carrying out research to get data directly from the users and also the manufacturers of the mobile phones will help in ensuring the topic is well understood. Secondary data source from published books, researches and articles also serve as an important source of information for me and other researchers. Data source helps in providing important information to the researchers by ensuring that they are able to focus on only important information.

2.1 Equations

(1)

(2)

2.2 Tables

Use Case	Tscreen hot spot (˚C)	Trear case hot spot (˚C)	TPCB (near battery) (˚C)	TAP junction (˚C)
TCM	CFD	Therminator	TCM	CFD	Therminator	TCM	CFD	Therminator	TCM	CFD	Therminator
Stability Test	38.1	38.4	38.5	38.4	39.1	38.7	44.9	44.5	44.4	60	58.6	59.3
Candy Crush	37.2	37.8	37.7	38.4	39.2	38.9	46.2	44.6	44.8	59	59.0	59.5
YouTube	35.8	37.0	36.7	34.6	34.4	34.2	39.3	38.4	38.3	43	45.2	45.4
CamCorder	31.7	32.2	32.1	33.3	32.6	32.4	36.9	36.2	36.2	42	42.7	43.3
Video Playback	30.2	30.8	30.7	30.5	30.8	30.7	33.3	33.4	33.4	39	39.4	40.0

Table one

Table two

2.3 Figures

Figure 1 (Autodesk simulation CFD heat images are a1, b1 and c1 while therminator heat images are a2, b2 and c2)

Figure 2 (Therminator convergence and runtime result vs stability use case)

Figure 3 (Layout of Samsung Galaxy S4 mobile phone)

3. METHODOLOGY

The methodology used to reach the objective of the research is a secondary method of data collection. I used existing research done by other researchers. The nature of the research studies was quantitative; this is because the impact of heat produced by different types of mobile phones due to different activities were measured. They were measured in terms of temperatures. The heat variation on the surface of mobile phones was measured. The quantitative nature of the research is important because facts relating to the topic of study needs to be analyzed. The study is an experiment in nature, this is because different activities are carried out and measurements are taken and noted down for future use.

The research is directed at getting numbers from mobile phones. The numbers are in temperature centigrade because that is the standard method of measuring temperature. The mobile phone skin produces different levels of heat which are to be mapped into a heat map. The heat map uses the color difference to show different levels of heat being dissipated from the mobile phone. The temperature reading is then taken and noted down for it to be used to understand the aspect of heat management. The mobile phone produces heat from different parts but the one which is used for this research is the heat produced from the battery of the mobile phone. The heat produced from the mobile phone battery is the point of interest in the research paper.

4. FINDINGS

It was established that the Samsung Galaxy 4 used for the experiment produced different levels of heat according to the game played or activity of the phone. Our main point of concern which is our research is about battery heat dissipation. We get the following table and the following bar graph.

Use case	TPCB (near battery) (˚C)
TCM	CFD	Therminator
Stability Test	44.9	44.5	44.4
Candy Crush	46.2	44.6	44.8
YouTube	39.3	38.4	38.3
CamCorder	36.9	36.2	36.2
Video Playback	33.3	33.4	33.4

According to the output Stability test according to therminator records 44.4 ⁰C, Candy crush is at 44.8 ⁰C, Youtube is at 38.3 ⁰C, a camcorder is at 36.2 ⁰C and video playback is at 33.4 ⁰C. The findings list the application which makes the battery region to be more heated. The level of heat produced by the battery differs from the method used to measure the temperature and also the nature of the application the mobile phone is doing. The temperature difference from the mobile phone battery readings means that some application requires a huge level of energy while some utilize less energy. Stability test and playing candy crush requires more energy from the battery which causes the battery to produce more power which as a result causes the battery to heat more than other parts of the mobile phone.

5. DISCUSSION

The nature of operation the mobile phone is carrying it affects the amount of heat the battery produces. The tasked handled requires different energy to be successful the energy then is produced from the battery which impacts on the temperature of the battery. The energy requirements to power different types of applications differ that is the reason why some application produces more heat than others. The temperature produced is evident that mobile phone batteries produce heat during operations. Some of the heat may make the user of the mobile device uncomfortable. Identifying the application which consumes more power and produces more heat is vital in managing heat in mobile phones.

The battery temperature readings vary based on the fact that the power needed to power the battery is more as compared to other batteries. The energy requirements to power the different types of operations and activities causes the difference in the heat produced. The applications and operations which are power intensive use more energy which causes the battery to be more heated because the process drains more power from the battery. The huge power requirements for these operations and applications are the major factor which causes more energy in terms of heat to be produced from the mobile phone. The experimenting method used for different types of applications and operations aims at identifying the difference in activities and their relationship to the heat produced from the battery. This will enable the research to be well experimented based on the different inputs used to test the amount of heat produced from the battery.

Heat management should be done so as to ensure that accidents such as phone explosions are not felt by the users. Huge levels of heat might result in the mobile phone exploding and causing injuries or even death to the users. The heat also produced by the mobile phone is harmful to the human body. The heat should be managed and controlled so as to ensure that the mobile phone is not harmful to human usage. A technology which uses cooling factors should be enabled to ensure that the phone is able to be cooled down. The mobile phone should have a cooling application which is turn on so as to cool the phone in case the mobile phone overheats. The applications should have inbuilt coolers near the battery to cool down the mobile battery. The application should be developed with a state of the art technology to ensure that cooling is done rapidly and it does not affect the usage of the mobile phone.

The operations and activities of the mobile phone should be independent of the cooling application. The application should only regulate the heat produced and do the actual cooling of the mobile phone battery. This will ensure that the mobile phone batteries are not overheated and as a result, the activities of the mobile phone will be independent. The cooling application should be inbuilt and installed in strategic locations which have been identified where more heat is produced. Installing the cooling mechanism in points which are more affected by the heating will ensure that the problem of heat dissipation is handled and managed. The heat produced by the mobile phone will be handled from the source where it is responsible for the heat to be produced. This will cause the heat to stop spreading to other parts of the mobile phone surfaces.

Heat production in the mobile phone can be managed by also ensuring that the applications installed are regularly updated to newer versions. Updates will result in mobile phones having better applications which utilize less power to operate its activities. The applications should be downloaded from a genuine source so as to avoid substandard applications which might cause more heating because of more energy required to run its activities. The applications should be regularly scanned to remove virus, Trojans, and malware which might affect the applications. This might result in mobile phones requiring more energy to process their activities. The applications should be deleted or uninstalled once its functionality is not required this will ensure that the applications which are not used do not consume more power resulting in overheating of the mobile phone.

6. SUMMARY

In conclusion, I have been able to establish the cause of heat production in mobile phones which is attributed to the difference in power consumption in applications being run. The applications require different levels of energy to operate which transfers the power need to the mobile phone battery. The battery produces the energy required and through the process energy in the form of heat is released to the skin of the battery which spreads to other parts of the phone. The relationship between the heat produced from the operations and activities of the mobile phones are related. The operations and activities which require more energy to operate produce more heat. As a result, the heat management of the phone should be also be corrected by developing better applications.

The applications developed should utilize less energy and have less process which will help in lowering down their heat consumption. The applications should be well designed and developed to lower the energy used because it results in mobile phone heating because less energy is required. Designing and developing better applications is the best strategy to minimize the issue of heat dissipation in mobile phones. The applications development process should be intently tested before rolling out to the users. The energy requirements and the amount of heat produced by the mobile phone should be within limits provided. This will ensure that the process of heat management in mobile phones is handled from the source. The heat issue is within the applications and operations of the mobile phone and it should be handled within where the problem originated. This will ensure that the mobile phone is able to produce heat within the required levels which will not cause problems to the user.

Energy management in mobile phones should be addressed with urgency owing to the number of accidents related to overheated mobile phones. The overheated batteries of a mobile phone can bring problems by exploding which might cause physical injuries to the user. The individual should be protected by ensuring that mobile phones which are developed to solve the overheating issue are provided. The battery which has overheated might explode causing harm to the users as it has been experienced. Mobile phone users have increased over the years which exposes many individuals to dangers in case the problem is not handled. The mobile phones are used by millions of users and it should be secured so as to ensure that the users are safe and can handle their business without any danger.

Mobile phones play an important role in our daily lives. It has been used to handle different types of transactions which plays an important role in our lives. Overheating in mobile phones batteries causes lagging of the operations of the mobile phone. The issue might result in slow process and unreliability which might cause an individual to lose business. The issue causes the mobile phone to be slow in other operations because the conditions for operations are not optimum. The conditions provided do not allow the mobile phone. The issue of heat management in mobile phones should be addressed so as to produce better working mobile phones which the users can enjoy using them.

7. REFERENCES

Kalyan A., Palani R. P., Punnoose S. J., Daniel J. & Manavalla S. (2017). Heat Transfer

Enhancement in a Smart Phone. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications. 07. 12-23. 10.9790/9622-0704051223.

Xie, Q., Dousti, M. J. & Pedram, M. (2014). Therminator: a thermal simulator for

smartphones producing accurate chip and skin temperature maps. Applied Thermal Engineering, DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.11.025

Mukta, K., Sumedh, S. H. & Shashank, R. J. (2014). Health Hazards of Mobile Phones:

An Indian Perspective, Vol 56, japi.org. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shashank_Joshi/publication/24179568_Health_hazards_of_mobile_phones_An_Indian_perspective/links/00b7d538704ab7e98d000000/Health-hazards-of-mobile-phones-An-Indian-perspective.pdf

Peter, J. M., Jonathan, K., Parseh, B & Sabrina, C. (2016). Cellular phone collateral

damage: A review of burns associated with lithium battery-powered mobile devices, Volume 42, Issue 4, Pages e61-e64, ISSN 0305-4179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2015.10.012.

Grimes, R., Walsh, E. & Walsh, P. (2010). Active Cooling Of A Mobile Phone Handset.

Applied Thermal Engineering. 30. 2363-2369. 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.06.002.

Qing X., Jaemin K., Yanzhi W., Donghwa S, Naehyuck C. & Massoud P. (2017). Dynamic Thermal Management in Mobile Devices Considering the Thermal Coupling between Battery and Application Processor. Retrieved from http://sportlab.usc.edu/~qingxie/publications/dtm_thermal_coupling_iccad13.pdf

8. Appendix

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