Is red wine better than white wine? Observational studies suggest that moderate use of alcohol by adults reduces heart attacks and that red wine may have special benefits. One reason may be that red wine contains polyphenols, substances that do good things to cholesterol in the blood and so may reduce the risk of heart attacks. In an experiment, healthy men were assigned at random to drink half a bottle of either red or white wine each day for two weeks. The level of polyphenols in their blood was measured before and after the two-week period. Here are the percent changes in level for the subjects in both groups:28
Wine, beer, or spirits? Women as a group develop heart disease much later than men. We can improve the completely randomized design of Exercise 9.45 by using women and men as blocks. Your 300 subjects include 120 women and 180 men. Outline a block design for comparing wine, beer, and spirits. Be sure to say how many subjects you will put in each group in your design.
An article entitled “Men, Beer, and Lung Cancer” reported that men who regularly consumed red wine were less likely to contract lung cancer than were men who drank beer.
a. The fact that men were studied separately from women indicates that a certain variable is being controlled for as a potential confounding variable. What is it?
b. Another variable was not mentioned and could easily enter in as a confounding variable. What is it?
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