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HOMEWORK: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND LOANWORDS
John Alderete, Linguistics 221, Simon Fraser University
JAPANESE LOANWORDS, BORROWED FROM DUTCH
Consider the Japanese loanwords below, which are borrowed from Dutch (Source: Vos 1963, de
Graaf 1990; see Gussenhoven & Jacobs 2013 Understanding Phonology for data organization).
| Japanese | Dutch source | |
| soːda | soːdaː | ‘soda’ |
| koːhiː | kɔfi | ‘coffee’ |
| korera | xoːl#raː | ‘cholera’ |
| meraŋkoriː | meːlɑŋxoːli | ‘melancholy’ |
| hipokonderiː | hipoːxɔndri | ‘hypochondria’ |
| maŋgan | mɑŋɣaːn | ‘manganese’ |
| bombon | bɔmbɔn | ‘kind of sweet’ |
| gomʉ | ɣʏm | ‘rubber’ |
| kari | kaːli | ‘potash’ |
| kiniːne | kinin# | ‘quinine’ |
| mesʉ | mɛs | ‘knife’ |
| karʉkʉ | kɑl#k | ‘chalf’ |
| masʉto | mɑst | ‘mast’ |
| bʉriki | blɪk | ‘tin’ |
| orʉgoːrʉ | ɔrɣ#l | ‘pipe organ’ |
| sʉkopːʉ | sxɔp | ‘spade’ |
| pompʉ | pɔmp | ‘pump’ |
| pisʉtorʉ | pistoːl | ‘pistol’ |
| gipʉsʉ | ɣɪps | ‘plaster cast’ |
| kan | kɑn | ‘kettle’ |
| rampʉ | lɑmp | ‘lamp’ |
Assume that the following processes exist and provide three examples of each in the space
provided (provide both Dutch ! Japanese word).
Velar Fortition: velar fricatives in Dutch are replaced with the corresponding velar stops in
Japanese.
Internal Cluster Resolution: clusters of CCV in Dutch are resolved as CVCV in Japanese, where
V is either [i], [e], or [ɯ], and CC are not a nasal-stop cluster.
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Final Consonant Epenthesis: word-final consonants other than [n] in Dutch are followed by a
high vowel in Japanese.
Task: give all of the examples that illustrate both Final Consonant Epenthesis and Internal
Cluster Resolution. The input to Internal Cluster Resolution can be the output of other processes.
HAWAIIAN LOANWORDS, BORROWED FROM ENGLISH
Consider the Hawaiian loanwords below (Source: Gussenhoven & Jacobs 2013). The English
transcriptions may not reflect your pronunciation, but consider them as the source words.
| ælb#t | ʔalapaki | ‘Albert’ |
| waɪn | waina | ‘wine’ |
| tɪkɪt | kikiki | ‘ticket’ |
| raɪs | laiki | ‘rice’ |
| s#ʊp | kopa | ‘soap’ |
| bɛl | pele | ‘bell’ |
| bɪ# | pia | ‘beer’ |
| flaʊ# | palaoa | ‘flour’ |
| kɪlt | kiliki | ‘kilt’ |
| z#ʊdiæk | kokiaka | ‘zodiac’ |
| brʌʃ | palaki | ‘brush’ |
| θaʊz#nd | kaukani | ‘thousand’ |
| stɔːri | kole | ‘story’ |
| pɑːm | paama | ‘palm’ |
| skuːl | kola | ‘school’ |
| ɛl#f#nt | ʔelepani | ‘elephant’ |
List each distinct consonant replacement (i.e., where either the input consonant or output change
are different) and provide an example for each replacement (there are eight in total). Then give a
characterization of all of these changes in terms of two phonological processes. State your
processes in complete sentences and make clear both the input conditions and output changes.
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