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Assessment 2 instructions
Assessment two consists of two parts
4
Poster
Word document
providing Rationale
(Learning Guide, p.7)
Before you begin …
Nursing Students
Read topic area 1 on medication safety
Read topic area 2 on healthcare-associated infection
Then, choose ONE topic (either topic 1 OR topic 2)
You will develop a research project on the selected topic.
Midwifery Students
You have only one topic – Breastfeeding
You will develop a research project on breastfeeding.
5
Developing a research project
FIRST, you need to think about what exactly you
would like to investigate. For example, if your topic
is medication safety, this is a broad area. You need
to narrow it down.
Follow the steps on the next slide to narrow your
area of focus.
6
Developing a research project
BROAD AREA – Cancer care
7
Brainstorm ideas
What do patients think about their cancer treatment options?
Do patients prefer cancer treatment at home or the hospital?
Are home-based cancer treatment sessions effective?
Are home-based cancer treatment sessions expensive?
Is there training on current cancer treatments available for nurses?
Is there sufficient funding for cancer research?
Narrow down ideas
Choose ONE aspect to focus on (Must be an aspect that interests you!)
Review literature on the
topic
What does the literature say about your selected area of focus?
Is there already lots of research done on the topic/area of focus? If so, is there a gap
in the literature? Something that has not been covered? Or not researched well?
Focus on the gap
The gap becomes the focus of your research
project
Part A: Poster
(Learning Guide, p.8) 8
Please note! Develop the poster using the
template provided on vUWS
9
Title of research project
Carefully consider the title of your research
project. It should be:
Clear and concise
Identify research focus
Example: Cost effectiveness of home-based
cancer treatment sessions.
10
Background and significance
Include some background information about the research
project.
Follow this up with the significance of the research project
(WHY is the research project important?). Give reasons!
Possible expressions when outlining significance of the project:
This research project is essential as it ….
Research into this area is significant because …
Studying about … is crucial in terms of …
This project is highly relevant since it …
(Other expressions for giving reasons – due to, owing to, on
account of, for, since …)
11
Sample background and significance
Cancer treatment has become a financial burden on patients.
According to Elkan et al. (2001), rising cancer prevalence, costly
pharmaceuticals, and physician, nurse and facility fees have all
contributed to the increasing expenditure. Elkan stresses that as the
healthcare system shifts from volume to value, greater scrutiny of
clinical interventions is required. Thus, home based care
interventions are now being considered.
Home based care interventions offer numerous benefits to patients.
Evidence indicates that such interventions have helped to reduce
the symptom burden people experience as a result of advanced
illness in cancer, without increasing grief for family caregivers after
the patient dies (Douglas et al., 2003). However, little is known
about the cost effectiveness of home based care services, including
chemotherapy for patients in the home care setting… Add more
information… . Therefore, research into this area is significant.
12
Activity # 1
Read the sample text on slide 12.
Can you identify where the significance of the research project
begins?
How many reasons are provided for the significance of the
project?
PLEASE NOTE
Minimum TWO references required when explaining about
the background and significance of the project.
13
Developing research questions
Use PICo/PICO to guide you as develop your research questions
PICo (Qualitative)
• P – Participants, population or problem
• I – Interest
• Co – Context
PICO (Quantitative)
• P – Patient, population or problem
• I – Intervention
• C – Comparison/control
• O – Outcome
(Schneider et al., 2016). 14
Example research question (Qualitative)
What are the experiences of patients with
cancer who access treatment sessions at
home?
P – patients with cancer
Interest – experiences of patients with cancer
accessing treatment sessions at home
Co – home setting
15
Example research question (Quantitative)
Is it cost effective for patients with cancer to
access treatment sessions at home compared to
hospital settings?
• P – patients with cancer
• I – treatment sessions at home
• C – treatment sessions at hospital settings
• O – cost effectiveness
16
Identify the PICo/PICO elements in the following
research questions.
- What are the experiences of males aged 18 to
45 in rural areas of Western Australia with regard
to protecting themselves against sexually
transmitted diseases? - How do counselling interventions enhance the
psychosocial wellbeing of parents who lost their
children during delivery?
17
Answer key
Question 1
P – males aged 18 to 45 years
I – experiences of males with regard to protecting themselves
against sexual disease transmission
Co- rural areas of Western Australia
Question 2
P – parents who lost children
I – counselling interventions
C – no counselling
O – enhance psychosocial wellbeing
18
Database search
Use databases such as CINAHL, Medline,
Cochrane and Scopus to conduct a search on
your topic
Use the key words from your research question
in your search
Document your findings in the template
provided on vUWS
19
Research question: What perceptions do cancer patients have
about accessing treatment sessions at home?
20
Method – Research design
Think about your research design:
oWill it be quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods?
o If quantitative, identify the type of design – experimental,
quasi-experimental or non-experimental
Sample Answer – Quantitative experimental research design
o If qualitative, identify the type of design – phenomenology,
ethnography, grounded theory …
Sample Answer – Qualitative phenomenological research
design
21
What are the experiences of males aged
18 to 45 in rural areas of Western Australia with
regard to protecting themselves against
sexually transmitted diseases?
22
Think about this research question.
Which research design could best suit this
project?
What are the experiences of males aged
18 to 45 in rural areas of Western Australia with
regard to protecting themselves against
sexually transmitted diseases?
Possible research designs
Qualitative-Phenomenological design
Qualitative-Grounded theory
23
Think about this research question.
Which research design could best suit this
project?
How do counselling interventions enhance the
psychosocial wellbeing of parents who lost
their children during delivery?
24
Think about this research question.
Which research design could best suit this
project?
Sampling criteria
“Sampling criteria identify the characteristics of the sample
population and their eligibility to be part of the study based on
pre-selected inclusion and exclusion requirements” (Schneider
et al., 2016).
25
Include your sampling criteria
What are the experiences of males aged
18 to 45 in rural areas of Western Australia
with regard to protecting themselves
against sexually transmitted diseases?
26
Think about possible sampling criteria
Sampling method – Qualitative
27
(Schneider et al., 2016)
Example answer: Non probability – convenience sampling
Think of the possible sampling method
What are the experiences of males aged
18 to 45 in rural areas of Western Australia
with regard to protecting themselves against
sexually transmitted diseases?
28
Sampling method – Quantitative
Probability sampling
- Simple random sampling
- Stratified random sampling
- Cluster sampling
- Systematic sampling
(Schneider et al., 2016)
Example answer: Probability – Simple random sampling
29
Think of a possible sampling method
How do counselling interventions enhance
the psychosocial wellbeing of parents who
lost their children during delivery?
30
Data collection method
How will the data be collected?
QUALITATIVE – interviews? focus group
observation?
QUANTITATIVE – physiological measurement?
surveys/questionnaires?
31
Data analysis plan
Outline your data analysis plan on the
poster
Qualitative – thematic analysis; content
analysis…
Quantitative – inferential or descriptive
(mean/frequency/standard etc.) 32
References
The TWO references from the
background and significance
section need to be referenced in
full here
33
Referencing using APA 7
Reference list eg: Chapter in an edited book (from p.12 APA 7 guide)
Ferres, K. (2001). Idiot box: Television, urban myths and ethical
scenarios. In I. Craven (Ed.), Australian cinema in the 1990s
(pp. 175-188). Frank Cass.
In-text referencing eg: Chapter in an edited book
Ferres (2001) discussed the television episode…
The television episode… (Ferres, 2001).
34
Publisher
= Editor. Note: for plural, use (Eds.)
Name of chapter (including Chapter author chapter sub-heading)
Name of edited book
Surname of Editor (comes after first name initial)
1st page to last page of chapter
= pages
Chapter author
Referencing examples
•Reference list eg: Chapter in an edited book
Whitehead, D., Dilworth, S., & Higgins, I. (2016). Common qualitative methods. In
Z. Schneider, D. Whitehead, G. LoBiondo-Wood, & J. Haber (Eds.), Nursing
and midwifery research (5th ed., pp. 93-109). Elsevier Australia.
Note: In APA 7, a new rule is that you do NOT need the place of publishing
•In-text citation eg: Chapter in an edited book
According to Whitehead et al. (2016), …insert paraphrase here..
or
Insert paraphrase here… (Whitehead et al., 2016).
Note: In APA 7, a new rule is that for 3 or more authors, in your in-text
citation you always only need to include the 1st author et al.
(even the first time you use this reference)
35
References
36
Douglas, H. R., Halliday, D., Normand, C., Corner, J., Bath, P.,
Beech. N., Clark, D., Hughes, P., Marples, R., Seymour, J.,
Skilbeck, J., & Webb, T. (2003). Economic evaluation of
specialist cancer and palliative nursing: A literature
review. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 9(10),
424‐428.
Elkan, R., Kendrick, D., Dewey, M., Hewitt, M., Robinson, J.,
Blair, M., Williams, D., & Brummell, K. (2001). Effectiveness
of home based support for older people: Systematic review
and meta‐analysis. BMJ, 323(7315), 719‐725.
Acknowledgements
This Professional Communication Academic Literacy
(PCAL) Support resource was prepared by PCAL Support
at the School of Nursing and Midwifery and includes
collaboration or consultation with the Literacy Coordinator,
Unit Coordinators, or a Literacy Strategies/IMPACT
research academic.
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