BUACC5931 Assignment 1 Questions
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Associations between Quantitative, Qualitative Job Insecurity and
Well-being
Research questions
De Witte et al. (2010) investigated the association of employee’s perception of quantitative and
qualitative job insecurity with job satisfaction, and psychological distress in the Belgium banking
sector.
Job insecurity is defined as the employees’ concerns about their work-related future. There are two
kinds of job insecurities: quantitative job insecurity and qualitative job insecurity. Quantitative job
insecurity is about the threat to the continuation of the job in the future. Qualitative job insecurity
is about threat to the various valued aspects of the job, such as job content or working conditions.
Data collection and respondents
In total, there were 69,000 employees working in the 63 Belgian banks affiliated to the sector’s
joint industrial committee in 2001. As questioning all employees would be too expensive, the
researchers decided to survey a sample of 15,000 employees (roughly 21%).
All 63 banks participated in the survey. About 21% of employees in each bank were invited to
participate in the survey. Within each bank, the respondents were selected at random with no
particular quota for gender, age or employee level. The survey was based on addresses which had
been provided by the banks (name, language, address) and each randomly selected employee
received a personalised envelope through regular mail, sent to him/her by the employer. The
completed questionnaire needed to be returned (free of charge) through the internal post within
each bank. The researchers travelled to each bank to collect the completed surveys.
The sample was representative for employees in the banking sector, however, not for the total
working population. More men (58.5 percent) than women (41.5 percent) participated. About two
in three respondents were between 35 and 44 years old or between 45 and 54 years old, while about
one in four was between 25 and 34 years old. Only a minority (4 percent) was younger than 24 or
older than 55. Most respondents had an education beyond high school (63.9 percent), had partners
with an income and children (72.4 percent), and worked full time (85 percent). There were about
as many white-collar workers (54.4 percent) as executives (45.6 percent).
Measures
Quantitative job insecurity was measured with four items developed by De Witte (2000) on a scale
from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). Sample items were “I feel insecure about the future
of my job” and “I am sure that I will be able to keep my job” (reverse coded). Reliability
(Cronbach’s alpha) equalled .89.
BUACC5931 Assignment 1 Questions
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Qualitative job insecurity was measured with ten items from the 17-item measure that was
originally proposed by Ashford, Lee, and Bobko (1989). These job features concerned four broad
dimensions previously distinguished to describe the various characteristics of a job: job content
(autonomy, skill utilisation, and specific tasks), working conditions (workload and quality of
working conditions), employment conditions (wage, working hours, and opportunities for
promotion), and social relations at work (relations with colleagues and supervisors, respectively).
Respondents had to indicate whether each of the job features would likely improve or deteriorate
in the near future (1 = strongly deteriorate; 5 = strongly improve). De Witte et al. (2010) recoded
the items so that a high score reflected qualitative job insecurity. Cronbach’s alpha equalled .87.
Job satisfaction was measured with one item: “Overall, how satisfied are you with your current
job?” (1 = very dissatisfied; 5 = very satisfied).
Psychological distress was measured with the 12-item version of the General Health Questionnaire
(Goldberg, 1978). A sample item was “Have you recently lost much sleep over worry?” Responses
varied from 1 (“less than usual”) to 4 (“much more than usual”). Reliability (Cronbach’s alpha)
was .89.
Control variables
The following social demographics and work-related factors were included: gender (0 = men;
1 = women), age (1 = 18–24; 2 = 25–34; 3 = 35–44; 4 = 45–54; 5 = 55+), education (0 = no
education beyond high school; 1 = education beyond high school), extra income (0 = no partner
with extra income; 1 = partner with extra income), children (0 = no children; 1 = children),
occupational position (0 = white-collar worker; 1 = executive), working hours (0 = part-time;
1 = full-time). The demographics were used as control variables in data analysis.
Instructions for answering the questions
Use at least four academic sources, published in English, to answer the questions. The sources can
be books or peer-reviewed journal articles or a combination of both books and peer-reviewed
journal articles. The academic sources as well as your responses to the questions should be around
2,000 words in total.
Q1: Sample size
The sample size for this study is fifteen thousand employees selected from a total of 69,000 bank
employees (about 21% of the employees). Is a sample of this size necessary? Provide reasons.
Q2: Sampling method
BUACC5931 Assignment 1 Questions
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What is the current method of sampling? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the current
sampling method?
Q3: Measures of variables
Give your comments on the reliability and validity of measures of the variables.
Q4: Collection of data on social demographics
The purpose of this research is to find the associations between quantitative and qualitative job
insecurity and well-being. However, data on variables such as gender, age, education level, extra
income were also collected. What is the purpose of collecting data on variables such as gender,
age, educational level etc.?
Q5: Research design
What research design was used for the current research? What are the positive and negative side
of the current research design?
References
Ashford, S. J., Lee, C., & Bobko, P. (1989). Content, cause, and consequences of job insecurity:
A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal, 32(4),
803-829. doi:10.2307/256569.
De Witte, H. (2000). Arbeidsethos en jobonzekerheid: meting en gevolgen voor welzijn,
tevredenheid en inzet op het werk (Work ethic and job insecurity: Measurement and
consequences for well-being, satisfaction, and performance at work). In Van groep naar
gemeenschap, ed. R. Bouwen, K. De Witte, H. De Witte, and T. Taillieu, 325–350.
Leuven: Garant.
De Witte, H., De Cuyper, N., Handaja, Y., Sverke, M., Näswall, K., & Hellgren, J. (2010).
Associations between quantitative and qualitative job insecurity and well-being: A test in
Belgian banks. International Studies of Management & Organization, 40(1), 40-56.
doi:10.2753/IMO0020-8825400103
Goldberg, D. P. (1978). Manual of the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor, UK: NFERNelson.
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